Neutrophils cytokine-stimulated

Moghe, P. V., Nelson, R. D., and TranquiUo, R. T. (1995) Cytokine-stimulated chemotaxis of human neutrophils in a 3-D conjoined fibrin gel assay. J. Immunol. Methods 180,193-211. 

Ogata H, Takeya M, Yrshimura T, Takagi K, Takahashi K The role of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) in the pathogenesis of collagen-induced arthritis in rats. J Pathol 1997 182 106-114. Yamashiro S, Kamohara H, Yoshimura T MCP-1 is selectively expressed in the late phase by cytokine-stimulated human neutrophils TNF-alpha plays a role in maximal MCP-1 mRNA expression. J Leukoc Biol 1999 65 671-679. 

In addition, other mononuclear cell-specific chemokines such as CCL3 [74], CCL4-1(3 [74] and CCL2 [75] are released by neutrophils when stimulated by LPS, proinflammatory cytokines, and meningococcal vesicles [76]. Secretion of these chemokines by neutrophils at the inflammatory site is thought to lead to the eventual influx of mononuclear cells. 

Goodman RB, Wood RG, Hanson-Painton O, Martin TR, Kinasewitz GT. Cytokine-stimulated human mesothelial cells produce chemotactic activity for neutrophils, including NAP1/IL8. J Immunol 1992 148 457-465. 

Several cytokines are in clinical use that support immune responses, such as IL-2, DFNs, or colony-stimulating factors. IL-2 supports the proliferation and effector ftmction of T-lymphocytes in immune compromised patients such as after prolonged dialysis or HIV infection. IFNs support antiviral responses or antitumoral activities of phagocytes, NK cells, and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. Colony-stimulatory factors enforce the formation of mature blood cells from progenitor cells, e.g., after chemo- or radiotherapy (G-CSF to generate neutrophils, TPO to generate platelets, EPO to generate erythrocytes). 

Neutrophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes are attracted to the area, and monocytes are converted to macrophages.18,19 The macrophages then stimulate additional prostaglandin production. Phagocytic cells and other players in the immune system release cytokines, including interleukins, interferon, and tumor necrosis factor. 

Most cytokines are pleiotropic, i.e. can affect a variety of cell types. Moreover, the effect that a cytokine has on one cell type may be the same or different to its effect on a different cell type. IL-1, for example, can induce fever, hypotension and an acute phase response. G-CSF is a growth factor for neutrophils, but it is also involved in stimulating migration of endothelial cells and growth of haematopoietic cells. IFN-y stimulates activation and growth of T- and B-lymphocytes, macrophages, NK cells, fibroblasts and endothelial cells. It also displays weak anti-proliferative activity with some cell types. 

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