Methanol cyclohexane mixture

X5—Extractable Substances Content. X5 was determined by extraction in a cyclohexane-methanol mixture it is expressed as wt % of the whole ABS. The observed variation range was 1-5.5%. 

Cyclohexane/ methanol mixtures benzene MEK diethyl phthalate... 

Solvents 1 and 2 are known to be good solvents for poly(methyl methacrylate) solvent 3 readily dissolves polystyrene.The solubility tests show that the radically polymerized sample is insoluble in all three solvents.The solubility isthusdifferentfrom that of both poly(methyl methacrylate) and polystyrene.The anionically polymerized product dissolves on warming in the acetone/methanol mixture and also in acetonitrile it is insoluble in cyclohexane/toluene.The solubility is thus similar to that of poly(methyl methacrylate). For the cationically initiated polymerization the product is only slightly soluble in acetone/methanol, insoluble in acetonitrile, but very readily soluble in cyclohexane/toluene.The solubility thus resembles that of polystyrene. 

Additional experiments were done in mixtures of alcohol alkane [16,17]. The spectra and kinetics were measured in mixtures of 1-propanol n-hexane. Some experiments were done in cyclohexane, where the behavior was qualitatively similar however, the exact concentration where spectra and kinetics changed depended on the alkane [16]. Additional experiments observed the shift of the final spectrum of the solvated electron in supercritical ethane-methanol mixtures. These experiments were done using standard pulse radiolysis techniques and thus we were unable to observe the kinetics [19]. 

It was reported by Ranger that planar chromatography (TLC) can be used for the quantitative analysis of pantoprazole during stability testing [16]. Silica gel was used as a stationary phase, and a 48 35 15 2 mixture of ethyl acetate, cyclohexane, methanol, and concentrated ammonia was used as the mobile phase. Detection was carried out at 295 nm. 

In the irradiation of pyridine-methanol mixtures, the predominant cross-products are a-picoline, a-pyridylmethanol [Eq. (16)] and (8-2-pyridylethanol. In the irradiation of pyridine-cyclohexane mixtures a-pyridylcyclohexane is the cross-product obtained in major yield with smaller quantities of the isomers [Eq. (17)]. If tritiated pyridine is used in the irradiation, then each of these scavenging products will be specifically labeled. Under conditions such as these, the method can be of use for the one-step labeling of individual heterocycles. 

The substituted limonene cannabidiol (334) is a psychotomimetically inactive constituents of Cannabis, and its irradiation has been studied using various light sources. In methanol, the main product is a 1-methoxy-compound formed by addition of methanol, but in cyclohexane a mixture containing A THC, A iso-THC (335), a photoreduction product (8,9-dihydrocannabidiol), and 3 -cyclo-hexylcannabidiol (336) is obtained. ... 

Cartoni et al. [88] studied perspective of the use as stationary phases of n-nonyl- -diketonates of metals such as beryllium (m.p. 53°C), aluminium (m.p. 40°C), nickel (m.p. 48°C) and zinc (liquid at room temperature). These stationary phases show selective retention of alcohols. The retention increases from tertiary to primary alcohols. Alcohols are retained strongly on the beryllium and zinc chelates, but the greatest retention occurs on the nickel chelate. The high retention is due to the fact that the alcohols produce complexes with jS-diketonates of the above metals. Similar results were obtained with the use of di-2-ethylhexyl phosphates with zirconium, cobalt and thorium as stationary phases [89]. 6i et al. [153] used optically active copper(II) complexes as stationary phases for the separation of a-hydroxycarboxylic acid ester enantiomers. Schurig and Weber [158] used manganese(ll)—bis (3-heptafiuorobutyryl-li -camphorate) as a selective stationary phase for the resolution of racemic cycUc ethers by complexation GC. Picker and Sievers [157] proposed lanthanide metal chelates as selective complexing sorbents for GC. Suspensions of complexes in the liquid phase can also be used as stationary phases. Pecsok and Vary [90], for example, showed that suspensions of metal phthalocyanines (e.g., of iron) in a silicone fluid are able to react with volatile ligands. They were used for the separation of hexane-cyclohexane-pentanone and pentane-water-methanol mixtures. 

Vapor pressures at 25°C are Pf = 2.452 psia (16.9 kPa) and P = 1.886 psia (13.0 kPa). Activity coefficients can be computed from the van Laar equation in Table 5.3. The resulting equilibrium plot is shown in Fig. 5.9, where it is observed that over much of the liquid-phase region three values of y] exist. This indicates phase instability. Experimentally, single liquid phases can exist only for cyclohexane-rich mixtures of X) = 0.8248 to 1.0 and for methanol-rich mixtures of X) =0.0 to 0.1291. Because a coexisting vapor phase exhibits only a single composition, two coexisting liquid phases prevail at opposite ends of the dashed line in Fig. 5.9. The liquid phases represent solubility limits of methanol in cyclohexane and cyclohexane in methanol. 

A mixture of caffeine and acetaminophen was resolved on TLC silica gel 60 aluminum sheets in two development steps. In the first step, the mobile phase consisted of cyclohexane/acetic acid/trichloromethane (86 7 7), whereas in the second step, it consisted of cyclohexane/methanol/acetic acid/ethyl acetate (59 6 6 29). The TLC plate was than ablated with a laser (213 nm) in an ablation cell. The ablated sample material was transferred to an APCI source by nitrogen flow through polyamide tubing. This setup allowed for spatially resolved analysis of a TLC plate. The position and the shape of the fluorescence signal spots were consistent with the ion images for caffeine (m/z 195) and acetaminophen (m/z 152). Furthermore, an intensity increase from the outside to the inside of the spots was perceived in the ion images of these compounds. These increases in intensity indicate an increase in the amount of analyte in the sample and allow for the estimation of the relative amount of the analyte [56]. 

The UNIQUAC model was successfully used to correlate the experimental LLE data. As it can be seen from Figure 4.1, the predicted tie lines (dashed lines) are in good agreement with the experimental data (solid lines). In other words, the UNIQUAC equations adequately fit the experimental data for this multi-component system. The optimum UNIQUAC interaction parameters uij between cyclohexane, methanoL and benzene were determined using the observed liquid-hquid data, where the interaction parameters describe the interaction energy between molecules i and j or between each pair of compounds. Table 4.4 show the calculated value of the UNIQUAC binary interaction parameters for the mixture methanol + benzene rrsing universal values for the UNIQUAC structural parameters. The equilibrium model was optimized rrsing an OF, which was developed by Sorensen (1980). 

Idemitsu Process. Idemitsu built a 50 t x 10 per year plant at Chiba, Japan, which was commissioned in Febmary of 1989. In the Idemitsu process, ethylene is oligomerised at 120°C and 3.3 MPa (33 atm) for about one hour in the presence of a large amount of cyclohexane and a three-component catalyst. The cyclohexane comprises about 120% of the product olefin. The catalyst includes sirconium tetrachloride, an aluminum alkyl such as a mixture of ethylalurninumsesquichloride and triethyl aluminum, and a Lewis base such as thiophene or an alcohol such as methanol (qv). This catalyst combination appears to produce more polymer (- 2%) than catalysts used in other a-olefin processes. The catalyst content of the cmde product is about 0.1 wt %. The catalyst is killed by using weak ammonium hydroxide followed by a water wash. Ethylene and cyclohexane are recycled. Idemitsu s basic a-olefin process patent (9) indicates that linear a-olefin levels are as high as 96% at C g and close to 100% at and Cg. This is somewhat higher than those produced by other processes. 

Cyclohexanedimethanol (47) starts from dimethyl terephthalate. The aromatic ring is hydrogenated in methanol to dimethyl cyclohexane-l,4-dicarboxylate (hexahydro-DMT) and the ester groups are further reduced under high pressure to the bis primary alcohol, usually as a 68/32 mixture of trans and cis forms. The mixed diol is a sticky low melting soHd, mp 45—50°C. It is of interest that waste PET polymer maybe direcdy hydrogenated in methanol to cyclohexanedimethanol (48). 

The illustrated unit can be used to study vapor-phase reforming of kerosene fractions to high octane gasoline, or hydrogenation of benzene, neat or in gasoline mixtures to cyclohexane and methylcyclopentane. In liquid phase experiments hydrotreating of distillate fractions can be studied. The so-called Solvent Methanol Process was studied in the liquid phase, where the liquid feed was a solvent only, a white oil fraction. 

The cooled contents of the 2S0-ml. flask containing ferrous chloride (Note 6) are added to the cold sodium cyclopentadienide solution while passing a stream of nitrogen through both flasks. The combined mixture is stirred for 1.25 hours at a temperature just below reflux. Solvent is removed by distillation, and the ferrocene is extracted from the residue with several portions of refluxing petroleum ether (b.p. 40-60°). The product is obtained by evaporation of the petroleum ether solution. Ferrocene may be purified by recrystallization from pentane or cyclohexane (hexane, benzene, and methanol have also been used) or by sublimation. The 3ueld is 31-34 g. (67-73%) (Note 7), m.p. 173-174°. 

The mixture is filtered off from the catalyst, made acidic with dilute hydrochloric acid, and the methanol is removed under vacuum. The remaining aqueous solution is made alkaline with solution of sodium hydroxide and extracted with ether. After drying and concentrating the ether extract, there is obtained 1 7 g 1 -isoprOpylamino-4,4boiling point164°Cto 165°C/0.05 mm. The hydrochloride melts at 230°C. 

The principal solvolysis reactions for PET are methanolysis with dimethyl terephthalate and ethylene glycol as products, glycolysis with a mixture of polyols and BHET as products, and hydrolysis to form terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol. The preferred route is methanolysis because the DMT is easily purified by distillation for subsequent repolymerization. However, because PET bottles are copolyesters, the products of the methanolysis of postconsumer PET are often a mixture of glycols, alcohols, and phthalate derivatives. The separation and purification of the various products make methanolysis a cosdy process. In addition to the major product DMT, methanol, ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, and 1,4-cyclohexane dimethanol have to be recovered to make the process economical.1... 

Adsorption phenomena from solutions onto sohd surfaces have been one of the important subjects in colloid and surface chemistry. Sophisticated application of adsorption has been demonstrated recently in the formation of self-assembhng monolayers and multilayers on various substrates [4,7], However, only a limited number of researchers have been devoted to the study of adsorption in binary hquid systems. The adsorption isotherm and colloidal stabihty measmement have been the main tools for these studies. The molecular level of characterization is needed to elucidate the phenomenon. We have employed the combination of smface forces measmement and Fomier transform infrared spectroscopy in attenuated total reflection (FTIR-ATR) to study the preferential (selective) adsorption of alcohol (methanol, ethanol, and propanol) onto glass surfaces from their binary mixtures with cyclohexane. Om studies have demonstrated the cluster formation of alcohol adsorbed on the surfaces and the long-range attraction associated with such adsorption. We may call these clusters macroclusters, because the thickness of the adsorbed alcohol layer is about 15 mn, which is quite large compared to the size of the alcohol. The following describes the results for the ethanol-cycohexane mixtures [10],... 

To eliminate the need to recover the product by distillation, researchers are now looking at thermomorphic solvent mixtures. A thermomorphic system is characterized by solvent pairs that reversibly change from being biphasic to monophasic as a function of temperature. Many solvent pairs exhibit varying miscibility as a function of temperature. For example, methanol/cyclohexane and n-butanol/water are immiscible at ambient temperature, but have consolute temperatures (temperatures at which they become miscible) of 125°C and 49°C, respectively (3). 

The system methanol-cyclohexane can be modeled using the NRTL equation. Vapor pressure coefficients for the Antoine equation for pressure in bar and temperature in Kelvin are given in Table 4.176. Data for the NRTL equation at 1 atm are given in Table 4.186. Assume the gas constant R = 8.3145 kIkmol 1-K 1. Set up a spreadsheet to calculate the bubble point of liquid mixtures and plot the x-y diagram. 

The diester 110 (E = CC Et) reacts with a mixture of trimethyltin chloride and sodium cyanoborohydride under AIBN catalysis to give the cyclopentane 111 as a 4 1 mixture of cis- and fraws-isomers. The products are destannylated to the acetals 112 by treatment with methanolic ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN). The 1,7-octadienyl derivative 113 was similarly converted into the cyclohexanes 114 (cis/trans = 1 1) (equation 60)67. 

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