Crustacean toxicity test

Creative Selling (1992) Thamnotoxkit F, Crustacean Toxicity Test for Freshwater, Standard Operational Procedure, Creative Selling Ltd., Deinze, Belgium. 

Chronic exposure micro-crustacean toxicity tests (7-d Ceriodaphnia dubia test 21-d Daphnia magna test) are relevant as well for evaluation of waste leachates. The major differences between these two assays have been discussed elsewhere (Ferard and Ferrari, 1997). For WASTOXHAS applications, we tend to favor the former over the latter for the following reasons ... 

The crustacean toxicity test to assess the mortality of T. platyurus was conducted by hatching these anostraca from cysts after 20-22 h of incubation at 25°C in the same synthetic freshwater used for rotifers and at the same illumination conditions. The test solutions in five concentrations (two-fold dilutions) with three replicates of 10 animals were poured in disposable multiwell test plates (1 mL per well). After 24 h in a 25 °C incubator in the dark, the number of dead crustaceans was recorded. 

Hooftman RN, de Wolf JM (2003a) Triohloromethylstannane (CAS 993-16-8) Static acute toxicity test with the crustacean species Daphnia magna. Zeist, TNO, May (Report No. V2492/02). 

Cunningham, P.A. 1986. A review of toxicity testing and degradation studies used to predict the effects of diflubenzuron (dimilin) on estuarine crustaceans. Environ. Pollut. 40A 63-86. 

Baughman, D.S., D.W. Moore, and G.I. Scott. 1989. A comparison and evaluation of field and laboratory toxicity tests with fenvalerate on an estuarine crustacean. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 8 417-429. 

Environment Canada recently developed an evaluation system based on effluent toxicity testing, capable of ranking the environmental hazards of industrial effluents [185]. This so-called Potential Ecotoxic Effects Probe (PEEP) incorporates the results of a variety of small-scale toxicity tests into one relative toxicity index to prioritize effluents for sanitation. In the index no allowance has been made for in-stream dilution, therefore the acmal risk for environmental effects is not modeled. The tests performed on each effluent are the following bacterial assay [V.fisheri (P. phosphoreum), Microtox], microalgal assay S. capricornutum) crustacean assay (C. dubiay, and bacterial genotoxicity test E. coli, SOS-test). 

Chial, B.Z. and Persoone, G. (2002) Cyst-based toxicity tests XIII - Development of a short chronic sediment toxicity test with the ostracod crustacean Heterocypris incongruens Methodology and precision, Environmental Toxicology 17 (6), 528-532. 

Standard operational procedure Daphtoxkit F magna. Crustacean Toxicity Screening Test for Freshwater. MicroBioTests Inc., Nazareth, Belgium. 

Studies investigating the effects of pesticides on crustaceans should be of high priority. Crustaceans are very important consumers and prey in various aquatic systems and there are delicate relationships between crustacean plankton prey and fish predators in the pelagic zone that can and have been shown to be disturbed. It is known that pesticides are present in surface waters and it is especially urgent to study the effects of insecticides on freshwater species and species that are present in estuaries and coastal waters with high risks of contamination due to vicinity to the sources. In acute toxicity tests crustaceans were much more (often 10-times more) sensitive to insecticides than fish (Maltby et al. 2005), and some of the chemicals probably affect behaviors at very low concentrations. As there are very few studies done on pesticide effects on crustacean chemoreception it is not possible to compare their sensitivity with fish, but it is likely that there are differences. The few crustaceans studied concerning effects of copper indicate that they are less sensitive to the metal compared with fish. 

Various kinds of metals, originating from either natural or artificial substances, can contaminate water. In order to evaluate the toxicity of these metals, bioassays are required using aquatic organisms. Some species of algae, crustacean, or fish have been used for the toxicity tests. 

Daphnia (coimnonly named water flea) is one of the most common crustaceans to be found in lakes, ponds and streams. The Daphnia toxicity test can establish whether degradation products present in liquid pose at r problem to surface water bodies. In the test, Daphnia are placed in test solutions for 24 hours. After exposure the number of surviving oiganisms is counted and the per cent mortality is calculated. The results are usually expressed as 24h EC 50 (Table 7.5). 

The crustacean most commonly used is Daphnia magna. It is used to assess both acute (OECD 202 [50] or OPPTS 850.1010 [51]) and chronic (OECD 211, [52]) aquatic toxicity. Acute toxicity tests usually last for 48 h (short term) and evaluate daphnia immobilisation. Chronic toxicity tests generally last 21 days (long term)... 

The inhabitants of the soil include the nematodes (the most numerous multicellular animals on Earth), oligochaetes (earthworms), arthropods (crustacea, arachnids, insects), and gastropods (snails). The ecotoxicity tests which have been mostly used to test the effect of biodegradable polymers on solid substrates (such as compost and soil) are the Earthworm Acute Toxicity Test, ISO 11268-1 [76] and the Daphnia (a widespread crustacean) Acute Immobilisation and Reproduction Test [77]. 

The above mentioned three parts information , data , and bibliographic section are clearly outlined. The data-fields CAS-Number (CAS) and Chemical Name (NAM) belong to the information section, and the fields Author (AUT) , Title (TLE) , Journal (JRN) , etc. are regarded as bibliographic information. Important chemical identification parameters like structural formula, molecular formula, and molecular weight are not included in this factual environmental database. The main and most important part is the data section providing data on the toxicity of crustaceans including test conditions. 

---