Cross-border trade

There has been relatively little problem with baked goods as the shelf life inhibits cross border trade. The one area where the regulations were... 

The EU Influence. The EU has recognised that different nutritional labelling requirements of member states could constitute a barrier to cross border trade. Directive 90/496/EEC was adopted to this end in 1990 to harmonise nutritional labelling. While this directive does... 

The analytes and matrices are chosen for their prominence in cross-border trade and environmental or political issues, and they include substances such as rice, wine, water, fuel, and human serum. Table 5.2 is a list of 1MEP rounds up to the end of 2006. The majority of analytes are elements. This reflects the history of 1RMM, which has been prominent in the measurement of atomic weights and the development of IDMS as a primary method for the analysis of elemental amounts. 

Asia Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation—APLAC) and Africa (Southern African Development Community in Accreditation—SADAC). Through these cooperations the importance of harmonization and conformity has been recognized. If countries adopt similar approaches to accreditation, and their accreditation organizations issue certificates with a harmonized information, it is much easier for clients to assess the validity of test results relating to cross-border trade, forensics, and health. 

Falling trade barriers, heavy investment in handling facilities, and improvements in transport have boosted the increasingly liquid markets for commodity and intermediate products. Between 1981 and 1995, cross-border trade volumes grew at double the growth rate of the industry as a whole. Factors like these are undermining the historical benefits of owning assets. Why make upstream products when you can buy them elsewhere more cheaply ... 

There are developed and liquid repo markets throughout the world, in North America, Europe, Asia and Japan. There is a considerable amount of cross-border trading, as well as repo in so-called emerging markets. The size and liquidity of different markets varies but the aggregate whole is considerable, with a large volume of stock being repoed at any one time. 

Globalization Having to source and sell worldwide Includes cross-border trade for raw material, manufacturing support, and distribution... 

ISO has gained wide acceptance internationally as a commonly understood baseline for quality, safety, and environment standards. It ensures fair play and facilitates cross-border trade. ISO standards are voluntary and being a nongovernmental organization, it has no legal authority to enforce their implementation. This is an essential difference with cGMPs that have been legislated into law in several countries. 

Fig. 7.7 Cross border trade in natural gas. (Source BP statistical review of world energy 2006).

Boundary-Work, Border Crossings, and Trading Zones... 

Last decade LNG trade doubles its volume. Now LNG represents approximately 22% of worldwide cross-border gas trade. And there is a consensus in LNG industry (according to IEA, [4]) that the demand is expected to double to approximately 220 - 270 BCM/y by 2010 and as a consequence LNG trade will experience strong growth. LNG has much higher cargo density than natural gas, so under the development of technology and costs reduction the LNG supply becomes more and more attractive. Figure 6 demonstrates the tendency to equalize the prices for delivered LNG and pipeline NG, see [5]. 

Growth in emissions from the transport sector reflects an increase in the stock of cars from 796,000 in 1990 to 1.38 million in 2001. However the growth in fuel consumption in Ireland also reflects the lower retail price of transport fuels here than in the United Kingdom, and to a lesser extent continental Europe. Cross-border fuel trade has increased, and is continuing to increase Ireland s reportable emissions from the sector. The projections of demand for transport fuels were based on the ESRI Medium-Term Review. Demand for fuel is then derived as a function of the stock of cars and of the fuel price differential relative to the United Kingdom. 

Member States1 within which citizens, goods and services may cross borders without let or hindrance. Naturally, if goods are to move freely, first of all customs barriers and then the so-called non-tariff barriers or technical barriers to trade must be removed. 

Left to themselves, markets will expand and erode monopoly positions, but it can take time. This is especially true in electricity and gas where transportation costs can be high and innovation is slow. Public policies can speed up the process by decreasing barriers to trade and to entry. This is the reason why the EU internal energy market was created in 1996. Note that the opening of electricity and gas to competition also requires the creation of a complex series of related markets that must be designed. They bear esoteric names such as day-ahead markets, balancing markets, capacity payments markets, as well as institutions such as explicit auctions, and market coupling. Whenever they are badly conceived or implemented, trade is less efficient and usable cross-border interconnection capacity reduced. Competition is hindered and thus security of supply is reduced. 

Another complicating factor is that consumers demand product availability in broad assortments year-round at competitive prices. Changes in the area of trade laws (WTO) have led to more open markets. As a result, a large increase in cross-border flows of livestock and food products can be observed. 

As we all know, international trade has increased incredibly in the last few decades with the advent of the European common maiket (especially the Maastricht Treaty), the North American Eree Trade Agreement, various regional trade agreements in Asia, the common maiket in South America (Mercosur), and various other smaller agreements. With the large cross border traffic and even the internationalization of the engineering profession, risk assessment becomes aitical to assuring a safe and cost-effective operation. 

With 150 10 m or 150 BCM (corresponds to about 120 10 t or 120 Mtpa) per year, the share of LNG in the consumption seems to be quite small. However, in relation to the cross-border natural gas market, this results in a trade share of more than 20-25% with a tendency to rise (Fig. 7.8). 

Kingon, S. (2008). Cooperation in trade and business. Presentation at the Center for Cross Border Studies Conference, Cross-Border Cooperation as part of the Northern Irish Peace Process Some Lessons for Europe, Crowne Plaza Hotel, Dundalk, County Louth, 12-13 June 2008. 

The record of a traceability protocol is a written document that may serve in science and technology as reference in product control as procedural written standard in environmental comparisons as precept [10] in trade and industry as basis for agreement, especially where border crossings are involved and in courts of law as a means to judge whether specified limits are met4. 

When Sam Bronfman sold his rotgut to American mobsters, supplied by the old British distillers and financed by the old British banks, it was a matter of free enterprise what the mob did with it after it crossed the American border was of no concern to him. When Meyer Lansky made his first heroin connection with Britain s dope-trading Keswick family in Shanghai in 1920, the sale was legal and in the light of day what the mob did with the heroin later was not the responsibility of Britain s Far East traders. 

---