Crassiceps

T. eras = Taenia crassiceps E. multi = Echinococcus multilocularis E. gran G1/G4 = Echinococcus granulosus genotypes G1/G4 F. hep = Fasciola hepatica P. west 2N/3N = Paragonimus westermani diploid/triploid S. jap = Schistosoma japonicum S. malay = Schistosoma malayensis S. mek = Schistosoma mekongi S. man = Schistosoma mansoni. 

Smith, J.K., Esch, C.W. and Kuhn, R.E. (1972) Growth and development of larval Taenia crassiceps (Cestoda). I. Aneuploidy in the anomalous ORF strain. International Journal for Parasitology 2, 261-263. 

Table 3.2. Divergence (%) in 12 mitochondrial protein-coding genes (nucleotide sequence (above diagonal) and amino acid sequence (below diagonal)) and in nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrial large (rrnL) (above diagonal) and small (rrnS) (below diagonal) ribosomal RNA (rRNA) subunits between the sheep-dog (EgG1) and horse-dog (EgG4) strains of Echinococcus granulosus, E. multilocularis (Em) and Taenia crassiceps (Tc). (After Le ef a/., 2002.)...

One parenteral cestode that is widely accepted as a model for cysticercosis caused by T. solium in humans is Taenia crassiceps, which is found as an adult in foxes and has a rodent intermediate host. Larval T. crassiceps reproduce by budding in the peritoneal cavity of mice and can be serially transferred from mouse to mouse. The immune response, which controls larval growth, relies on T cell-mediated immune mechanisms (Lopez-Briones et al., 2001) and treatments resulting in increased delayed type hypersensitivity led to greater resistance, while AB production was unaffected (Bojalil eta/., 1993). 

The initial response to T. crassiceps infection has been studied in BALB/c mice (Toenjes and Kuhn, 2003) where by day 5 post-infection (p.i.) soluble larval antigen preparations (SLAP) induce a cytokine response. Ex vivo challenge of spleen and mesenteric lymph node cells (which do not drain the peritoneal cavity) and... 

KO), the data imply a pivotal role for CD4+TcRoc/p+ T cells in resistance to T. crassiceps infection. There is also an increase in eosinophil number throughout parenteral T. crassiceps and T. solium infections (Londono et a ., 2002 Cortes et al., 2003), but neither eosinophil numbers nor IgE levels correlate with susceptibility (Rodriguez-Sosa et al., 2003a). 

Bojalil, R., Terrazas, L.I., Covezensky, T., Sciutto, E. and Larralde, C. (1 993) Thymus-related cellular immune mechanisms in sex-associated resistance to experimental murine cysticercosis (Taenia crassiceps). Journal of Parasitology 79, 384-389. 

Lopez-Briones, S., Sciutto, E., Ventira, J.L., Zentella, A. and Fragoso, G. (2003) CD4+ and CD19 splenocytes undergo apoptosis during an experimental infection with Taenia crassiceps. Parasitology Research 90, 1 57-163. 

Padilla, A., Govezensky, T., Sciutto, E., Jimenez-Garcia, L.F., Gonsebatt, M.E., Ramirez, P. and Larralde, C. (2001) Kinetics and characterization of cellular responses in the peritoneal cavity of mice infected with Taenia crassiceps. Journal of Parasitology 87, 591 -599. 

Rodriguez-Sosa, M., Satoskar, A.R., David, J.R. and Terrazas, L.l. (2003a) Altered T helper responses in CD40 and interleukin-12 deficient mice reveal a critical role forThl responses in eliminating the helminth parasite Taenia crassiceps. International Journal for Parasitology 33, 703-71 1. 

Spolski, R.J., Thomas, P.G., See, E.J., Mooney, K.A. and Kuhn, R.E. (2002b) Larval Taenia crassiceps secretes a protein with characteristics of murine interferon-"/. Parasitology Research 88, 431-438. 

Terrazas, L.I., Bojalil, R., Rodriguez-Sosa, M., Govezensky, T. and Larralde, C. (1999) Taenia crassiceps cys-ticercosis a role for prostaglandin E2 in susceptibility. Parasitology Research 85, 1 025-1 031. 

Fig. 21.7. Glycosphingolipids and protein glycosylation of Cyclophyllida. Glycolipids of E. multilocularis were analysed by Persat et al. (1990) [1] and (1992) [2]. Glycolipids of T. crassiceps and M. coturnix were characterized by Dennis et al. (1992) [3] and Nishimura etal. (1991) [4], respectively. The major glycolipid of T. solium was analysed by Lopez-Marin etal. (2002) [5], Cer, ceramide. A/-glycans of E. granulosus and O-glycans of . multilocularis were described by Khoo etal. (1997c) [6] and Hulsmeier et al. (2002) [7], respectively. Possible Gala1-4)Gal1- structural elements are boxed.

Dennis, R.D., Baumeister, S., Geyer, R., Peter-Katalinic, J., Hartmann, R., Egge, H., Geyer, E. and Wiegandt, H. (1992) Glycosphingolipids in cestodes - chemical structures of ceramide monosaccharide, disaccharide, trisaccharide and tetrasaccharide from metacestodes of the fox tapeworm, Taenia crassiceps (Cestoda Cyclophyllidea). European Journal of Biochemistry 207, 1 053-1 062. 

Recent studies by transmission (TEM) and/or scanning (SEM) electron microscopy on the adults of species (other than Hymenolepis) are those on Multiceps endothoracicus (342, 343), Proteocephalus ambloplitis (139, 369), Bothriocephalus acheilognathi (267), Taenia crassiceps (601, 410), T. taeniaeformis (519), Anomotaenia constricta (244), Paricterotaeniaporosa (244), Proteocephalus tidswelli... 

Glands in the rostellar region of the scolex of a number of Cyclo-phyllidea, e.g. Hymenolepis spp., Taenia solium, T. crassiceps, Davainea... 

Another well-recognised complication in the study of cestode metabolism is the fact that a number of species (e.g. Echinococcus granulosus, Hymenolepis diminuta, Taenia crassiceps) have now been shown to exist as complexes of different strains, which may, often quite considerably, differ in their biochemistry. This important aspect is considered, in depth, in Chapters 5, 6 and 10. Furthermore, there is evidence that parasites from different host species or different strains of host show differences in metabolism, and the sex and circadian rhythm of the host can also influence the biochemistry of the parasite under study (59). 

As indicated above, the fact that oxygen is consumed in vitro does not imply that oxygen is utilised in vivo, unless evidence is presented that a similar level of oxygen is available in vivo. Some species (Spirometra mansonoides, Mesocestoides corti, Hymenolepis nana, H. diminuta) can be successfully cultured under strict anaerobic conditions, whereas others (H. microstoma, T. crassiceps, Echinococcus sp.) thrive best under air (796 Chapter 10). The significance of oxidative processes in the energy balance of cestodes is discussed in Chapter 5. 

Some recent studies include those on Cotugnia digonopora and Raillietina fuhrmanni (595, 596, 597) R. cesticillus (635) R. tetragona and R. echinobothrida (915,917) Hymenolepis diminuta(37,371) Echinococcus granulosus (231,341,522, 685) Taenia taeniaeformis (537-539) Taenia crassiceps (540) Moniezia expansa... 

Inhibitor Hymenolepis diminuta Hymenolepis microstoma Taenia crassiceps larvae Calliobothrium verticillatum... 

Proteins of host origin, including immunoglobulins and bovine serum albumin, have been identified in cyst fluids of several taeniid cestodes including E. granulosus (Fig. 6.2) and E. multilocularis (492, 754), T. taeniaeformis and T. crassiceps (624) and T. saginata (470). How these proteins enter the cysts is not known but it may be... 

---