Antigen preparation

Fig. 3. Haptens and multivalent antigens prepared in this syudy. The viologen derivative, 4,4 -bipyridinium, l-(carboxypentyl)-l -methyl-dichloride (1), divalent antigen 2, and trivalent antigen 3. Anti-porphyrin antibodies were elicited for [5-(4-carboxyphenyl)-10,15,20-tris-(4-methylpyridyl)]porphine (3MPylC) or meso-tetrakis(4-carboxyphenyl)porphine (TCPP). meso-Tetrakis(4-methylpyridyl)porphine (TMPyP) was used to investigate the specificity of the antibody dendrimer for porphyrins...

The host antigen preparation is used in several capacities of assay development as well as routine analysis ... 

Apart from antibodies detected by (a) the schizont-infected red cell agglutination test, (b) the agglutination of sporozoites, (c) complement fixation, (d) passive hemagglutination and by the direct and indirect immunofluorescent methods [for review, see reference (V4)], malarial antibodies have also been detected by malarial antigens prepared from heavily infected human placenta, infected human brain, and short-term in vivo cultures of cells from heavily parasitized subjects (Wll) (see Tables 7 and 8). 

Production of antiserum with high titer and specility is done by trial and error, especially because each immunized animal gives antisera with different characteristics therefore, several groups of animals should be immunized with different antigen preparations. 

Selections are typically performed using purified antigen preparations, although direct panning on cells has been described (20,33). Antigens are coated onto tubes ( Immunotubes ) under similar conditions to those employed in ELISA. 

Antigen preparation/purification of antigen, and coupling of hapten to carrier, if needed. ... 

The initial response to T. crassiceps infection has been studied in BALB/c mice (Toenjes and Kuhn, 2003) where by day 5 post-infection (p.i.) soluble larval antigen preparations (SLAP) induce a cytokine response. Ex vivo challenge of spleen and mesenteric lymph node cells (which do not drain the peritoneal cavity) and... 

Rajasekariah, G.R., Rickard, M.D. and Mitchell, G.F. (1980) Immunization of mice against infection with Taenia taeniaeformis using various antigens prepared from eggs, oncospheres, developing larvae and strobilocerci. International Journal for Parasitology 10, 315-324. 

Fig. 4. Glycan arrays are used to characterize the antibody profiles of vaccinated animals (Glycan array I) and to scan for asialo-orosomucoid (ASOR)-specific immunological probes (Glycan array II). Antigen preparations spotted on each glycan array and their array location are summarized in Supplemental Tables SI and S2 of reference (18) (available at the Physiological Genomics Web site).

The development of an O serotyping scheme is complex. Heated O antigen preparations of unknown cultures are tested first for agglutination on slides with droplets of pooled, polyvalent O antisera. If agglutination occurs with one of the pooled antisera, the heated suspensions are then tested for agglutination using the individual O antisera contained in that pool. Next, for positive reactions, the heated... 

Antigen preparation II Immunogenicity tests III Primate model development IV Immunization and challenge experiment... 

In the example, the achievement of objectives 1/2 (70% purity) and 1/3 (immunoreactive in vitro) could be used as milestones which successfully conclude the antigen preparation phase. However, the definition "immunoreactivity in vitro" seems too inexact for use as a milestone. A better and adequate specification could be for example "immunoreactive with monoclonal antibody Y", whereby antibody Y is directed against the most relevant epitope of Antigen X. 

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