Crambe oil

Cracking catalysts Crack-tip shielding Crack-wake bndging Cr3Al Crambe Crambe oil Cranb erry... 

The traditional source of erucic acid was rapeseed oil before this acid was bred out of that oil because of its reported adverse health effects. Most rapeseed oil now contains less than 2% of erucic acid. The two major sources of erucic acid are high-erucic rapeseed oil (HEAR) containing about 50% of erucic acid and crambe oil with 55-60% of erucic acid. As will be reported later (Section 9.4), attempts to produce a still higher erucic rapeseed oil are being made by genetic engineering. Crambe oil (from Crambe abyssinica) is grown most extensively in North Dakota and to a lesser extent in Holland. 

At the end of this chapter, the effect of two other epoxidized triglyceride oils—epoxidized linseed oil (ELO) and epoxidized crambe oil (ECO)—on the phase separation of DGEBA thermosets is discussed as well. 

The preparation and characterization of the VR and ESR liquid rubbers and of the two-phase epoxy thermosets were described in detail previously (3-6). DGEBA is a solid epoxy resin (Epon 825) from Shell Chemical Company. ESO and ELO are commercial products from Atochem. Samples of VO and crambe oil were obtained from the U.S. Department of Agriculture. All other reagents and solvents were purchased from Aldrich Chemical Co. and Fisher Scientific Co. and used without additional purification. 

Fully epoxidized ECO was obtained by epoxidation of crambe oil with n-chloroperbenzoic acid following a procedure described by Chang (7). The iodine values of the initial (nonepoxidized) crambe oil and the ECO were 91.27 and 0.31, respectively (8). The oxirane value of the ECO corresponds to 366.67 molecular weight per epoxy equivalent. 

Epoxidized Crambe Oil (ECO). The preliminary preparation of liquid rubbers is a major shortcoming for using epoxidized triglyceride oils... 

The initial (nonepoxidized) crambe oil has a higher molecular weight than soybean, linseed, and vemonia oils and a unique fatty acid composition (7). Its triglycerides consist predominantly (about 62%) of C22 fatty acid residues (erucic acid) ... 

Efforts to develop crambe oil as an industrial crop are carried out at present by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Fully epoxidized ECO was obtained as described by Chang (7). 

We thank the U.S. Agency for International Development, the South Coast Air Quality Management District, and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) High Erucic Acid Development Effort (HEADE) Fund for financial support, and K. Carlson (USDA) for fruitful discussions and supplying samples of vemonia and crambe oils. 

Thus it was decided to examine the viscoelastic response and ultimate mechanical behavior of several systems based on a typical cycloaliphatic and a blsphenol-A-type epoxy prepolymer, using a variety of epoxldlzed botanical oils as reactive diluents. This paper describes the first results of this Investigation, In which epoxldlzed linseed, lunarla, and crambe oils were selected as diluents. 

Typically, this oil was rich in erucic acid, which is still available from high-erucic rapeseed oil (HEAR) or from crambe oil. Erucic acid is mildly toxic to humans in large doses but is used as a food additive in smaller doses. The variety low in erucic acid (<5% or <2%) and also in glu-cosinolates (LEAR, double zero) is now more important. The oil typically contains palmitic (4%), stearic (2%), oleic (56%), linoleic (26%), and linolenic acids (10%). Rapeseed lends itself to genetic manipulation and rapeseed oil containing a lower level of linolenic acid or higher levels of lauric, stearic, or oleic acid or new acids, such as 8-linolenic, ricinoleic, or vemolic acids, are being developed for commercial exploitation. ... 

Polyamide 6,6 is used as a textile fiber polyamide 6,10 and 6,12 are used as thermoplastic materials. Polyamide 13,13 production is uneconomic at present since the press cake obtained in producing the crambe oil has no commercial outlet. It cannot be used as animal feed since the taste is carried over to milk and eggs. 

Crambe abyssinica, 52, 65, 489 Crambe hispanicay 65 Crambe oil, 65 Crappie, fatty acids, 134 Crjanchiidae, wax esters, 147 Cream preparation, 224 Crepenynic acid, 13, 290 Crepis oils, 4,13,52,53 Criegee zwitterion, 463 Crude oils, 184,189,190,192,194 Crystallization, 171,179,214,368,470 Crystallization inhibitors, 214 Crystal structure, 321,325,327,343, 344-49, 370... 

Crambe, a plant originally native to Africa but now also planted in the United States, contains an oil of high erucic acid content. Ozonolysis of erucic acid leads to brassylic acid (1,13-tridecane dieneic acid). Brassylic acid can be transformed into 1,13-diamino tridecane by the process described in (28-47). Polycondensation of brassylic acid with 1,13-diamino tridecane gives nylon 13,13. The production of nylon 13,13 is at present uneconomical, because the press cake resulting from production of crambe oil has no commercial outlet. The press cake cannot be used for cattle feed because it gives the milk a distinctive taste. A taste is also carried over to eggs if the press cake is used for chicken feed. 

The oil bodies of C. abyssinica synthesized fatty acids from [ Cjmalonyl-CoA and triacylglycerols from [ C]palmitoyl-CoA or [ C]glycerol-3-P (Gurr et al., 1974). Evidence that this was not due to contamination was, first, that the fat fraction synthesized a pattern of fatty acids (predominantly erucic acid) totally different from that of other subcellular fractions and, second, that of all the fractions tested only the fat fraction had an appreciable specific activity for triacylglycerol biosynthesis. In ultrastructural studies, no inclusions could be seen in Crambe oil bodies, and it was concluded that the enzymes were contained in a bounding membrane or in granular material that was always associated with the oil body fraction (Fig. 12). 

As shown in Table I, method II gave values of conversion to epoxy somev/hat lower than those typical of commercially epoxidized linseed and soybean oils (method I) but higher than those reported for method I by Dabhade et al. (14). (Of course, for the purpose of this work, complete conversion is not desirable, for the elastomer should have a fairly low crosslink density). With the crambe oil both methods gave high conversions. It should be noted that this study is the first to apply method II to the epoxidation of oils. 

Indeed, at low values of AK, the 10/90 crambe-oil SIN grows a crack up to 40% slower than ABS. Thus the improvements in impact strength noted above (Table 6) are also reflected in increased fatigue resistance. Interestingly, as is the case with rubber-modified PVC (25) and poly(ethylene terephthalate) (26), FCP resistance may be increased significantly even though impact re-... 

MastnU kysellna Rapeseed oil (traditional) Rapeseed oil (low-erucic acid) Mustardseed oil Crambe oil Soybeen oil Wheat germ oil Linseed oil... 

---