Supervision, cost

The engineering hours and costs, supervision and field expenses, and other items, such as freight, duty and taxes, insurance, etc., are all detailed and priced. 

Time, Cost, and Equipment Precipitation gravimetric procedures are time-intensive and rarely practical when analyzing a large number of samples. liowever, since much of the time invested in precipitation gravimetry does not require an analyst s immediate supervision, it may be a practical alternative when working with only a few samples. Equipment needs are few (beakers, filtering devices, ovens or burners, and balances), inexpensive, routinely available in most laboratories, and easy to maintain. 

The CE Plant Cost Index (7) is also pubHshed monthly in the Chemical Engineering]omaci A. Index values are given for various categories of equipment, installation, labor, building, and supervision, as well as a composite plant cost index. The composite index for complete plant costs, tabulated in Table 1, is frequentiy used for the translation of purchased equipment costs, even though the equipment component of the index would be better. 

The manufacturing cost consists of direct, indirect, distribution, and fixed costs. Direct costs are raw materials, operating labor, production supervision, utihties, suppHes, repair, and maintenance. Typical indirect costs include payroll overhead, quaHty control, storage, royalties, and plant overhead, eg, safety, protection, personnel, services, yard, waste, environmental control, and other plant categories. However, environmental control costs are frequendy set up as a separate account and calculated direcdy. The principal distribution costs are packaging and shipping. Fixed costs, which are insensitive to production level, include depreciation, property taxes, rents, insurance, and, in some cases, interest expense. 

Unit cost data should be carefully assessed to ensure that process type, size, and raw materials are similar to the proposed venture. Operating cost data sometimes are reported for separate categories such as operating labor, maintenance labor, supervision, and utiHties (9). 

Direct labor costs can be estimated usiag the flow sheet, typical labor needs (persons /shift) for each piece of process equipment, and the local labor rate. Company files are the best source for labor needs and rates, although some Hterature data are available (1,2). The hourly cost of labor ia the United States can be estimated from the M.onthly l bor Review of the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Production supervision costs can usually be taken as a factor, such as 15% of the direct labor cost. 

The approximate cost of supervision for operating labor is equivalent to 10 percent of the labor cost for simple operations and 25 percent for complex operations. 

Companies usually include in the charge for overhead the following items operating supphes, supervision, indirect payroll expenses, plant protection, plant office, general plant overhead, and control laboratory. This overhead charge is frequently taken as an equivalent percentage of the direc t labor cost. 

Electrical heating is accomplished with resistance bauds or ribbons which must be electrically insulated from the machine body but in good thermal contact with it. The heaters must be carefully spaced to avoid a succession of hot and cold areas. Sometimes they are mounted in aluminum blocks shaped to conform to the container walls. Their effective temperature range is 150 to 500°C (about 300 to 930°F). Temperature control is precise, maintenance and supervision costs are low, and conversion of electrical energy to useful heat is almost 100 percent. The cost of electrical energy is usually large, however, and may be prohibitive. 

All salaried employees working directly with the plant operation should be included in the estimate of supervision costs. The plant manager s secretary and other supervision support personnel are sometimes included as supervision even though they are not salaried nor in a direct supervisory position. The main thing is to make sure all employee costs are included in some category, but not duplicated in some other category. 

The major advantage of the loop process is that the equipment required to run it is small, lightweight, and hence of low cost. It needs minimal supervision yet can produce significant volumes of latex over the course of a year, and so is becoming increasingly important in industry. 

Design and engineering costs, which cover the cost of design and the cost of engineering the plant purchasing, procurement and construction supervision. Typically 20 per cent to 30 per cent of the direct capital costs. 

The items may also be classified differently in cost sheets and cost standards prepared to monitor the performance of the operating plant. For this purpose the fixed-cost items should be those over which the plant supervision has no control, and the variable items those for which they can be held accountable. 

The plant overhead cost is usually estimated from the total labour costs operating, maintenance and supervision. A typical range would be 50 to 100 per cent of the labour costs depending on the size of the plant and whether the plant was on a new site, or an extension of an existing site. 

Fixed costs 5. Maintenance 6. Operating labour 7. Laboratory costs 8. Supervision 9. Plant overheads 10. Capital charges 11. Insurance 12. Local taxes 13. Royalties 5-10 per cent of fixed capital from manning estimates 20- 23 per cent of 6 20 per cent of item (6) 50 per cent of item (6) 10 per cent of the fixed capital 1 per cent of the fixed capital 2 per cent of the fixed capital 1 per cent of the fixed capital... 

There are many obstacles that bar the way to a wide application of modern pharmacological treatment in the economically disadvantaged countries. They include the scarcity of personnel who could prescribe and supervise the application of such treatment, the omnipresent poverty, the high cost of some medications, the... 

Installation costs such as Labor Painting Fireproofing Supervision Inspection... 

Operating costs include the costs of raw materials, direct operating labor, labor supervision, maintenance, plant supplies, utilities (steam, gas, electricity, fuel), property taxes, and insurance. Sometimes certain operating cost components are directly expressed as a fraction of the capital investment cost. Table B.3 is a brief checklist... 

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