Optical product

Catalog JJ-169, Kodak Optical Products, Eastman Fiae Chemicals, Eastman Kodak Co., Rochester, N.Y. 14650. 

To be successful, molded optical elements of plastics must be produced with careful control of the fabricating process. In the case of these optical products it is particularly important that the molding conditions be carefully controlled to minimize molded-in stress. In addition to these stresses reducing the dimensional stability of the products leading to distorted images, the stresses themselves affect the quality of the image. This is a result of the fact that the stresses/strained areas have a different refractive index from that of the... 

Within the limitations on the physical properties which generally restrict plastics to low precision optics, plastics materials have found wide applications in optical products that range from lights to binders for electroluminescent phosphors to fiber optics and lasers. They represent an easily worked material with a wide range of desirable optical properties in simple to complex shapes. In this review the discussion has been limited to the differences between plastics and optical glass materials and to some of the unique design possibilities that are especially important for plastics. Using the optical arts and the... 

This concept has been known for over a century. Expressed as Brewster s Constant law, it states that the index of refraction in a strained material becomes directional, and the change of the index is proportional to the magnitude of the stress (or strain) present. Therefore, a polarized beam in the clear plastic splits into two wave fronts in the X and Y directions that contain vibrations oriented along the directions of principal stresses. An analyzing filter passes only vibrations parallel to its own transmitting plane (Chapter 4, TRANSPARENT AND OPTICAL PRODUCT, Polarized Lighting). 

Currently, these tests are of no practical value to the designer and the only approach to the problem of scratch, mar, and abrasion resistance is to simulate actual performance needs. For optical purposes, a cast sheet in the allyl family of plastics known as CR39 has been used as a standard of comparison in evaluating scratch and mar resistance of a material. The CR39 is used for eye lenses and other optical products where the advantages of plastics are a consideration. Coatings have been developed for polycarbonate, acrylics, and other plastics that dramatically improve the scratch and mar resistance of these materials. 

Evolution in telescope making since the Palomar has not been limited to the area of optical production. The alt-azimuthal mount has become the established solution since the Bolshoi 6 m telescope, for its superior mechanical performance and the compact, cost-efficient enclosure design it allows. Better understanding of the properties of atmospheric turbulence allowed a more accurate characterization of a telescope properties, a more balanced approach towards specifications and error budgeting and a better understanding of the utmost importance of site selection. Any ground-based telescope of appreciable size will be primarily limited by the effect of atmospheric turbulence, not to mention the proportion of photometric nights allowed by weather conditions. 

Table I. Optical Production of Hydrated Electron from Aromatic Compounds in Aqueous Solution...

In his position as Associate Director of Research and Development, Optical Products, Dr. Crano managed the entire photochromies research program. He led the team of scientists that synthesized and evaluated hundreds of candidate photochromic dyestuffs, and directed all of the product and process development involved in the various Transitions lenses. In addition, his responsibilities included R D on non-ophthalmic photochromic applications, and on other optical coatings and resins. 

Since publication of the most recent Books, new areas have been explored and a large number of new results have been obtained and it seemed, therefore, timely to publish them. This was the endeavor of the chairmen of ISOP-93 and ISOP-96, Robert Guglielmetti and John Crano, respectively, who have acted as co-editors. R. Guglielmetti, a professor at the University of Marseilles is a recognized leader in the field and the late Dr. J. Crano, Associate Director of Research and Development for optical products at PPG since 1986, led research in the development of plastic ophthalmic eyewear. The efficient cooperation of a scholar and an industrial scientist has led to the Book entitled Organic Photochromic and Thermochromic Compounds in two volumes of about 400 pages each. 

A number of fine studies have shown that high ee s can be achieved. It has generally proven feasible to determine the resultant chiral form from the chiral conformation of the reactant molecules in the crystal. Generally the optical product closest in geometry to the chiral reactant is the true final stereoisomer. Examples of this, 13 and 14, illustrate schematically the chiral conformation of the reactants and the chiral form of the products. Some recent studies include those in reference 36. 

As a manufacturing technology, selective metallization of a molded plastic substrate has wide utility in electrical and electronic componentry, connector and receptacle devices, customized IC carriers, electro-mechanical and electro-optical products. "The major benefits which come from a molded circuit board may be grouped under four headings including structural/mechanical, material, cost and design/aesthetics. 

Application Note, Computer Optical Products Inc., Optical Encoder Applications www.opticalencoder.com... 

Figure 15.4 Transmission loss spectra of commercial plastic optical fiber. Lumileen is a trademark of Poly-Optical Products, Irvine, CA. (With permission.)...

Lacty (Shimadzu Co.) Highly transparent PLA for injection moldings and optical products. 

Figures 3 and 4 show electron micrographs of various surfaces. A detailed description of modern optical production technology is found in refs. [82] and [83].

D.F. Home, Optical Production Technology, Adam Hilger, London, 1972. 

In practically all applications of coatings on glass, with the one important exception of the generation of surface replicas in replicated optics production, the films must have a reasonably good adherence to the glass or plastic surface. Deposited films with defined optical, electrical and mechanical properties should also be... 

Figure 3.28 Ernst Abbe, who developed the Abbe sine condition—a design specification derived from wave theory for ensuring good image quality in microscopes. He also transformed the Zeiss optical company into the Carl Zeiss Foundation in 1889. The greatness of this company was not only in the quality of its optical products, but equally in the care it took of its workers at a time when exploitation and oppressive poverty were the rule. (Courtesy of the Carl Zeiss Archives.)...

Optical Production of Defects. Theoretically, this is a means to change defect concentrations without introducing impurities or changing... 

Flexible foams also find use is packaging applications. Die-cut flexible foam is used to package costly goods such as delicate instruments, optical products, and pharmaceuticals. Semiflexible foam lining is used for cart interiors to protect auto and machine parts during transportation. 

Sage, J.M., Sainis, S., Bergeman, T., and DeMille, D., Optical production of ultracold polar molecules, Phys. Rev. Lett., 94, 203001, 2005. 

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