Efficiency-cost relationship

Figure ll.fr. Cost-efficiency relationships for pyrethrins/PBO mixtures using topical application data to house flies at the LDtl level. Price ratios - -,2 l , 5 l , ... 

The CRM process should be implemented as early as possible in a project as this will allow key design decision to take potential controls into account at the outset rather than suffer unexpected rework costs later. Basically, the sooner CRM activities become business as usual, the more effective and cost-efficient the work will be. Developing this process should involve the consultation of all appropriate stakeholders ensuring that the various gives and gets align and avoid circular dependencies. The use of a RACl matrix (Responsible, Accountable, Consulted, Informed) [5] or similar tool can be helpful in deriving these relationships. 

The relationship between catalysis and cost-efficiency in chemical processes is based on the selectivity of the catalyst, simple elimination of byproducts, safety considerations and the small number of... 

The cost of equipment determines the capital investment for a process operation. However, there is no direct relationship to profits. That is, more expensive equipment may mean better quality, more durability and, hence, longer service and maintenance factors. These characteristics can produce higher operating efficiencies, fewer consumption coefficients and operational expenses and, thus, fewer net production costs. The net cost of production characterizes the perfection rate of the total technological process and reflects the influences of design indices. Therefore, it is possible to compare different pieces of equipment when they are used in the manufacture of these same products. 

An increase of the capture airflow rate normally results in increased capture efficiency, but the relationship between these quantities is not linear. A case-by-case evaluation is necessary to establish this relationship. In every case an increase of the airflow rate causes an increase of the operating costs. Analogously, a decrease in airflow rate leads to a decrease in capture efficiency and in some cases, a total breakdown of the capture effect (e.g., capture dev ices working with the vortex principle require minimum airflow rates). 

If we consider that at least development costs should be reimbursed, an efficient protection system will give rise to a set of broad values. Innovations with development costs x would result in compensation amounting to at least x. Once incurred, development costs are irrecoverable they are sunk costs. Any discontinuity in the relationship between development costs and their reimbursement would give rise to inefficiencies capital would be attracted to a greater or lesser extent towards certain innovative projects. 

The model and results developed herein give clues that link false alarms to energy efficiency. Enforcing a low false alarm rate to avoid unnecessary response costs implies either a larger data-set (L) and hence a greater battery consumption, or a denser sensor network, which increases the deployment cost. Similar qualitative and/or quantitative inferences about the relationships between various other parameters can also be made. 

The main criterion used in economic thinking is efficiency, which is about maximising the benefits from available resources. It concerns the relationship between inputs and outputs, that is, the most benefit for the least cost. Being efficient means getting as much health as possible from the available resources. Being inefficient means getting less. Viewed in this light, there is clearly an ethical justification for the pursuit of efficiency. 

During the research and development phases of a project financial appraisal can and should be carried out frequently, in order to check that the process under review still constitutes an efficient use of resources. For instance, evaluation of the results of basic research or pilot scale versions of the process etc. are valuable exercises, provided sufficiently accurate information can be generated to enable a confident decision to be made concerning a positive commitment to the next stage of the project. Such information is additionally important since it highlights any inter-relationships between the various steps in the process and the final cost of the product, and indicates those operations where further efforts in process development can give the greatest beneficial effects on the cost of the product. 

---