Copper vapor pressure

Composition is normally expressed by a distillation curve, and can be supplemented by compositional analyses such as those for aromatics content. Some physical properties such as density or vapor pressure are often added. The degree of purity is indicated by color or other appropriate test (copper strip corrosion, for example). 

Because the solution is capable of absorbing one mole of carbon monoxide per mole of cuprous ion, it is desirable to maximize the copper content of the solution. The ammonia not only complexes with the cuprous ion to permit absorption but also increases the copper solubiUty and thereby permits an even greater carbon monoxide absorption capacity. The ammonia concentration is set by a balance between ammonia vapor pressure and solution acidity. Weak organic acids, eg, formic, acetic, and carbonic acid, are used because they are relatively noncorrosive and inexpensive. A typical formic acid... 

A 0.500-g sample of zinc-copper alloy was treated with dilute hydrochloric acid. The hydrogen gas evolved was collected by water displacement at 27°C and a total pressure of 755 mm Hg. The volume of the water displaced by the gas is 105.7 mL. What is the percent composition, by mass, erf the alloy (Vapor pressure of H20 at 27°C is 26.74 mm Hg.) Assume only the zinc reacts. 

Next, let the example of vanadium, which, in the as-reduced condition, may contain a variety of impurities (including aluminum, calcium, chromium, copper, iron, molybdenum, nickel, lead, titanium, and zinc) be considered. Vanadium melts at 1910 °C, and at this temperature it is considerably less volatile than many of the impurity metals present in it. The vapor pressure of pure vanadium at this temperature is 0.02 torr, whereas those of the impurity elements in their pure states are the following aluminum 22 torr calcium 1 atm, chromium 6 torr copper 23 torr iron 2 torr molybdenum 6 1CT6 torr nickel 1 torr lead 1 torr titanium 0.1 torr and zinc 1 atm. However, since most of these impurities form a dilute solution in vanadium, their actual partial pressures over vanadium are considerably lower than the values indicated. Taking this into account, the vaporization rate, mA, of an element A (the evaporating species) can be approximated by the following free evaporation equation (Langmuir equation) ... 

Anhydrous copper(II) sulfate, 7 773 Anhydrous ethanol, production by azeotropic extraction, 8 809, 817 Anhydrous gaseous hydrogen sulfide, 23 633 Anhydrous hydrazine, 13 562, 585 acid-base reactions of, 13 567-568 explosive limits of, 13 566t formation of, 13 579 vapor pressures of, 13 564 Anhydrous hydrogen chloride, 13 809-813 physical and thermodynamic properties of, 13 809-813 purification of, 13 824-825 reactions of, 13 818-821 uses for, 13 833-834... 

Wasson JT (1985) Meteorites Their Record of Early Solar System History. New York Ereeman Wesolowski DJ, Benezeth P, Palmer DA (1998) ZnO solubility and Zrf+ complexation by chloride and sulfate in acidic solutions to 290°C with in-situ pH measurement. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 62 971-984 Wessel P, Smith WHF (1991) Free software helps map and display data. EOS Trans AGU 72 445-446 Xiao Z, Gammons CH, Williams-Jones AE (1998) Experimental study of copper(I) chloride complexing in hydrothermal solutions at 40 to 300°C and saturated water vapor pressure. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 62 2949-2964... 

In this equation, a and b are constants characteristic of the system. The modified mole fraction is the one defined by Lu (34) from the compositions on a salt-free basis and from the vapor pressure of the pure components and of the salt plus pure liquid solutions. Figures 5 and 6 show the values of X i and X+i corresponding, respectively, to ethanol and water for each of the three systems. For nickel(II) chloride and strontium chloride, the experimental data follow a straight line, while for copper(II) chloride the data form three straight lines, as was expected (24) from the maximum and minimum in the temperature diagram. 

The use of laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) for tropospheric HO and H02 measurements was reported by Hard and co-workers (108-110), who developed a fluorescence technique based on pumping the air sample into a low-pressure cell (FAGE) and exciting it with a copper vapor laser-pumped dye laser with a high repetition rate. Their H02 measurements were not made in conjunction with enough other supporting measurements to allow an accurate test of photochemical models from the results. 

Example 4. Use the plot of Fig. 13b to estimate the surface area per gram of the copper sample used in the experiment. The vapor pressure of N2 at 90 K is 2710 torr. 

At room temperature germanium (IV) fluoride is a colorless, fuming, pungent gas with an odor somewhat like that of garlic. At elevated temperatures it is reduced by copper.1,2 The vapor pressure of the solid is appreciable at temperatures as low as —111.7° and becomes approximately equal to atmospheric pressure at — 36.5°.1 The liquid which forms under increased pressure is clear, colorless, and mobile. The triple point is at —15° and 3032 mm. pressure. 

The metals zinc and cadmium should be avoided because of their high vapor pressures. Metals that include zinc and cadmium alloys such as brass (copper and zinc) and some silver solders (cadmium) should also be avoided for the same reasons. It is possible to obtain cadmium-free silver solder and brazing materials that use tin, lead, and indium for vacuum use. Some steel screws are cadmium-coated and also must be avoided. 

In the preceding chapter we have been considering the equilibrium of two phases of the same substance. Some of the most important cases of equilibrium come, however, in binary systems, systems of two components, and we shall take them up in this chapter. Wo can best understand what is meant by this by some examples. The two components mean simply two substances, which may be atomic or molecular and which may mix with each other. For instance, they may be substances like sugar and wrater, one of which is soluble in the other. Then the study of phase equilibrium becomes the study of solubility, the limits of solubility, the effect of the solute on the vapor pressure, boiling point, melting point, etc., of the solvent. Or the components may be metals, like copper and zinc, for instance. Then we meet the study of alloys and the whole field of metallurgy. Of course, in metallurgy one often has to deal with alloys with more than two components—ternary alloys, for instance, with three components—but they arc considerably more complicated, and we shall not deal with them. 

If the vapor pressure of liquid nitrogen is used for the temperature measurement, one allows N2 gas to condense in chamber B and the N2 pressures can be read directly on a pressure gauge. If a copper-Constantan thermocouple or a platinum resistance thermometer is used, it must be well calibrated, since accurate absolute temperatures are needed. If chamber B is not used, all further instractions concerning it may be disregarded. 

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