Copper phthalocyanine electronic structure

Moreover, the phthalonitrile process has the added advantage of being the more elegant of the two syntheses. This technique makes it possible to produce comparatively pure copper phthalocyanine without obtaining substantial amounts of side products, a phenomenon which is understandable in view of the fact that the phthalonitrile molecule provides the parent structure of the phthalocyanine ring. Formally, rearrangement of the bonds necessitates donation of two electrons to the system ... 

In this work we have chosen the combination of hole-conducting copper-phthalocyanine (CuPc) and the n-conducting fullerene C o, which are both known from organic photovoltaic cells either as heterolayer structures or bulk-heterojunctions [18-21]. They can be considered as model systems for ambipolar transport where the asymmetry of the electron and hole mobilities is adjustable by the concentration of both materials in the mixture. 

The effect of a high radiation flux upon the structure of metal phthalo-cyanines has been investigated. Intensities of 1020 thermal neutrons/cm2 tend to convert crystalline copper phthalocyanine to an amorphous state 806). Bowden and Chadderton 86, 36), using the electron microscope, have discussed the disorder in the molecular array caused by fission damage. Tracks and dislocations due to the passage of individual fission fragments could be seen. 

The process for the thennal sensor network is as follows. Organic diodes, to be used as sheet-type thermal sensors, are manufactured on an ITO-coated PEN film. A 30-mn thick p-type semiconductor of copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) and a 50-nm thick n-type semiconductor of 3,4,9,10-perylene-tetracarboxylic-diimide (PTCDI) are deposited by vacuum sublimation. A 150-mn thick gold film is then deposited to form cathode electrodes having an area of 0.19 mm. The film with the organic diodes is coated with a 2-pm thick parylene layer and the electronic interconnections are made by the method similar to that mentioned before. The diode film is also mechanically processed to form net-shaped structures. Finally, to complete the thermal sensor network, we laminated the transistor and diode net films together with silver paste patterned by a microdispenser. This is shown in Figure 6.3.11. 

Electron microscopy of and a study of electron dilBfraction by a thin film of the complex formed between copper phthalocyanine and potassium have revealed a unique crystalline structure/ The electron micrographs showed that an island film structure existed, with single crystals of the complex being up to 1 /utm in diameter. The films were stable in vacuo, but on exposure to air they degraded over a period of 24 hours, after which only traces of the ordered structure were observable by electron diffraction. 

Copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) thin films deposited at room temperature (30°C) on quartz and post-annealed gold-coated quartz substrates were examined using FESEM [4]. Such structures can be used for the development of photoconductive or catalytic devices. FESEM images showed daisely packed nanoparticles and nanoflower-like structures on the annealed gold-coated quartz substrates. The further characterization by fiactal dimension of the assanbly of nanostructures in the films, estimated from FESEM images, agreed with optical measurranents and indicated significant effect and potential control of the electronic and optical propalies of these films. 

STS has also been applied to a study of the unoccupied surface states of graphite [249], hydrogen-like image states on clean and oxygen-covered nickel and on gold epitaxed on silicon (111) [266], [267], the superconducting energy gap in NbsSn [268], the electronic structure of the InP (110) surface [245], and copper phthalocyanine adsorbed on Cu (100) [269]. 

Electron diffraction has been used to investigate bulk structures of pigments as well as thin layers. A strength of this method is the spatial resolution which allows the structural characterization of single microcrystals even in mixtures of polymorphs . Even more striking, the occurrence of two polymorphs in the same submicron crystal may be analyzed, as in the case of a/p copper phthalocyanine . ... 

Murdey R, Sato N, Bouvet M (2006) Frontier electronic structures in fluorinated copper phthalocyanine thin films studied using ultraviolet and inverse photoemission spectroscopies. Mol Cryst Liq Cryst 455 211-218... 

Monolayer structures and epitaxial growth of vapor-deposited crystalline phthalocyanine films on single crystal copper substrates were studied using low energy electron diffraction Ordered monolayers of three different phthalocyanines, copper, iron, and metal-free, were seen on two different faces of copper, the (111) and (100). The monolayer structures formed were different on the two crystal faces and the several phthalocyanines yield nonidentical monolayer structures. 

History. Braun and Tschemak [23] obtained phthalocyanine for the first time in 1907 as a byproduct of the preparation of o-cyanobenzamide from phthalimide and acetic anhydride. However, this discovery was of no special interest at the time. In 1927, de Diesbach and von der Weid prepared CuPc in 23 % yield by treating o-dibromobenzene with copper cyanide in pyridine [24], Instead of the colorless dinitriles, they obtained deep blue CuPc and observed the exceptional stability of their product to sulfuric acid, alkalis, and heat. The third observation of a phthalocyanine was made at Scottish Dyes, in 1929 [25], During the preparation of phthalimide from phthalic anhydride and ammonia in an enamel vessel, a greenish blue impurity appeared. Dunsworth and Drescher carried out a preliminary examination of the compound, which was analyzed as an iron complex. It was formed in a chipped region of the enamel with iron from the vessel. Further experiments yielded FePc, CuPc, and NiPc. It was soon realized that these products could be used as pigments or textile colorants. Linstead et al. at the University of London discovered the structure of phthalocyanines and developed improved synthetic methods for several metal phthalocyanines from 1929 to 1934 [1-11]. The important CuPc could not be protected by a patent, because it had been described earlier in the literature [23], Based on Linstead s work the structure of phthalocyanines was confirmed by several physicochemical measurements [26-32], Methods such as X-ray diffraction or electron microscopy verified the planarity of this macrocyclic system. Properties such as polymorphism, absorption spectra, magnetic and catalytic characteristics, oxidation and reduc-... 

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