Copper oxide process

The hydroxyl group of the resulting phenol is situated immediately adjacent to where the carboxyl group was previously located. This same Hquid-phase copper oxidation process chemistry has been suggested for the production of cresols by the oxidation of toluic acids. y -Cresol would be formed by the oxidation of either ortho or para toluic acids a mixture of 0- and -cresols would be produced from y -toluic acid (6). A process involving the vapor-phase catalytic oxidation of benzoic acid to phenol has been proposed, but no plants have ever been built utilizing this technology (27). 

Silane-Based Adhesion Promotion (Oxide Alternative Treatments). The silane-based process is an alternative to the copper oxide process. Silane can be used to bond epoxy to other materials. One end of the silane molecule bonds to the epoxy. If the other end of the molecule is modified to bond to the secondary material, the silane can serve as a bridge, greatly enhancing adhesion. It is commonly used in this mode to enhance the adhesion of epoxy to glass. It can be also used to enhance the adhesion of epoxy to copper. 

In the discussions that follow, dry sorption processes are categorized on the basis of the sorbent utilized i.e, dry lime/limestone, sodium salt injection, alkalized alumina, dry MgO-based, and copper oxide processes. 

Laboratory scale work on a copper oxide process for SO2 removal was conducted by the U.S. Bureau of Mines (McCrea et al., 1970). The effort was aimed at developiiig a dry, regen-erable sorbent for SO2 that would not have the problems of alkalized alumina, i.e., physical degradation, excessive reducing gas consumption, and a high temperature difference between... 

The Pittsburgh Energy Technology Center (PETC) has conducted research and development on the copper oxide process for combined SO2 and NOx control since the late 1960s, but their largest pilot unit has been 1 MW. The PETC process uses the same chemistry as the Shell process, but fluidized bed or moving bed reactors are enqtloyed (Hoffman et al., 1992). 

Activated Coke or Char. Processes based on active forms of carbon resemble the copper oxide processes in that they remove NO, by selective catalytic reduction with ammonia using the sorbent as a catalyst. However, the mechanism for SO2 removal is entirely different. Sulfur dioxide is adsorbed on the active carbon, which also acts as a catalyst for the oxidation of adsorbed SO2 to SO3. In the presence of moisture, the sulfur trioxide forms sulfuric acid on the char. Regeneration of the sulfuric acid-laden char is accomplished in a separate vessel where the sorbent is heated to about 400°C. At this temperature, the sulfuric acid reacts with a portion of the carbon, forming a gas phase containing sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide, moisture, and various impurities. This gas stream is further processed to produce sulfuric acid or elemental sulfur, and the remaining char is recycled, with makeup, to the contactor. Several variations of the basic process are discussed in Chapter 7 under the broad heading Adsorption Processes. ... 

Work using the corona effect is proceeding in Denmark and Italy, and using E-beam in Germany and Japan Pilot plants of 5MW are planned in the USA for the copper oxide process, the NOXSO process (Halsbeck and others 1988) and the SOxNOxROxBOx process (Kitto, 1988). 

It difiers from the cof per. chromium oxide catalyst described in Section VI,6 in that it has not been extracted with 10 per cent, acetic acid—a process which presumably removes some copper oxide. 

One other very important attribute of photoemitted electrons is the dependence of their kinetic energy on chemical environment of the atom from which they originate. This feature of the photoemission process is called the chemical shift of and is the basis for chemical information about the sample. In fact, this feature of the xps experiment, first observed by Siegbahn in 1958 for a copper oxide ovedayer on a copper surface, led to his original nomenclature for this technique of electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis or esca. 

The alkalized zinc oxide—chromia process developed by SEHT was tested on a commercial scale between 1982 and 1987 in a renovated high pressure methanol synthesis plant in Italy. This plant produced 15,000 t/yr of methanol containing approximately 30% higher alcohols. A demonstration plant for the lEP copper—cobalt oxide process was built in China with a capacity of 670 t/yr, but other higher alcohol synthesis processes have been tested only at bench or pilot-plant scale (23). 

The second ceUulosic fiber process to be commercialized was invented by L. H. Despeissis (4) in 1890 and involved the direct dissolution of cotton fiber in ammoniacal copper oxide Uquor. This solvent had been developed by M. E. Schweizer in 1857 (5). The cuprammonium solution of ceUulose was spun into water, with dilute sulfuric acid being used to neutralize the ammonia and precipitate the ceUulose fibers. H. Pauly and co-workers (6) improved on the Despeissis patent, and a German company, Vereinigte Glanstoff Eabriken, was formed to exploit the technology. In 1901, Dr. Thiele at J. P. Bemberg developed an improved stretch-spinning system, the descendants of which survive today. 

Copper. Copper is economically extracted by smelting of a chalcopyrite concentrate. A copper electrowinning process was developed commercially in 1912 for the treatment of lean ores. It is also suitable for treatment of copper oxide or sulfate obtained by roasting of the concentrate. 

Reforming is completed in a secondary reformer, where air is added both to elevate the temperature by partial combustion of the gas stream and to produce the 3 1 H2 N2 ratio downstream of the shift converter as is required for ammonia synthesis. The water gas shift converter then produces more H2 from carbon monoxide and water. A low temperature shift process using a zinc—chromium—copper oxide catalyst has replaced the earlier iron oxide-catalyzed high temperature system. The majority of the CO2 is then removed. 

The predominant process for manufacture of aniline is the catalytic reduction of nitroben2ene [98-95-3] ixh. hydrogen. The reduction is carried out in the vapor phase (50—55) or Hquid phase (56—60). A fixed-bed reactor is commonly used for the vapor-phase process and the reactor is operated under pressure. A number of catalysts have been cited and include copper, copper on siHca, copper oxide, sulfides of nickel, molybdenum, tungsten, and palladium—vanadium on alumina or Htbium—aluminum spinels. Catalysts cited for the Hquid-phase processes include nickel, copper or cobalt supported on a suitable inert carrier, and palladium or platinum or their mixtures supported on carbon. 

During the oxidation process, leaf color changes from green to copper and a pleasant characteristic aroma develops. In most instances, the proper termination point is deterrnined by the skill of the process supervisor (tea maker) on whose judgment the value of the final product is highly dependent. However, some attempts to control a suitable end point by instmmental techniques have been made. The fermentation step is terrninated by firing (drying). 

Today, the air oxidation of toluene is the source of most of the world s synthetic benzaldehyde. Both vapor- and Hquid-phase air oxidation processes have been used. In the vapor-phase process, a mixture of air and toluene vapor is passed over a catalyst consisting of the oxides of uranium, molybdenum, or related metals. High temperatures and short contact times are essential to maximize yields. Small amounts of copper oxide maybe added to the catalyst mixture to reduce formation of by-product maleic anhydride. 

The carbon monoxide purity from the Cosorb process is very high because physically absorbed gases are removed from the solution prior to the low pressure stripping column. Furthermore, there is no potential for oxidation of absorbed carbon monoxide as ia the copper—Hquor process. These two factors lead to the production of very high purity carbon monoxide, 99+ %. Feed impurities exit with the hydrogen-rich tail gas therefore, the purity of this coproduct hydrogen stream depends on the impurity level ia the feed gas. 

At a much earlier stage in the research and development cycle, fluidized-bed processes use porous sorbents containing copper oxide (82), cerium oxide (83), and other metal oxides (84). 

Copper is one of the twenty-seven elements known to be essential to humans (69—72) (see Mineral nutrients). The daily recommended requirement for humans is 2.5—5.0 mg (73). Copper is probably second only to iron as an oxidation catalyst and oxygen carrier in humans (74). It is present in many proteins, such as hemocyanin [9013-32-3] galactose oxidase [9028-79-9] ceruloplasmin [9031 -37-2] dopamine -hydroxylase, monoamine oxidase [9001-66-5] superoxide dismutase [9054-89-17, and phenolase (75,76). Copper aids in photosynthesis and other oxidative processes in plants. 

The production of copper from sulphide minerals is accomplished with a preliminary partial roast of die sulphides before reaction widr air in the liquid state, known as mattes, to form copper metal (conversion). The principal sources of copper are minerals such as chalcopyrite, CuFeSa and bornite CuaFeSa, and hence the conversion process must accomplish the preferential oxidation of non, in the form of FeO, before the copper metal appears. As mentioned before, tire FeO-SiOa liquid system is practically Raoultian, and so it is relatively easy to calculate the amount of iron oxidation which can be canned out to form this liquid slag as a function of the FeO/SiOa ratio before copper oxidation occurs. The liquid slag has a maximum mole fraction of FeO at the matte blowing temperatures of about 0.3, at solid silica saturation. 

Citrate process Copper oxide adsorption Caustic scrubbing... 

Ammonia production from natural gas includes the following processes desulfurization of the feedstock primary and secondary reforming carbon monoxide shift conversion and removal of carbon dioxide, which can be used for urea manufacture methanation and ammonia synthesis. Catalysts used in the process may include cobalt, molybdenum, nickel, iron oxide/chromium oxide, copper oxide/zinc oxide, and iron. 

The oxidation process uses air as the oxidant over a silver or copper catalyst. The conditions are similar to those used for the dehydrogenation reaction. 

Monochlorohenzene is also produced in a vapor-phase process at approximately 300°C. The hy-product HCl goes into a regenerative oxychlorination reactor. The catalyst is a promoted copper oxide on a silica carrier ... 

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