Copper cleanup

Includes copper-lead ore, gold ore, gold—sHver ore, lead—zinc ore, molybdenum ore, tungsten ore, zinc ore, fluorspar, flux ores, cleanup, ore shipped direcdy to smelters, and tailings. 

Enhanced biorestoration is a means by which naturally occurring processes are deliberately manipulated to increase or enhance the rate of cleanup. Biological activity in the subsurface is controlled by the availability of one or more of the necessary metabolic requirements such as an electron acceptor or nutrient. Although electron acceptors are most often the limiting factor, inadequate availability of nitrogen, phosphorus, or micronutrients (such as potassium, copper, or even vitamins) can restrict optimum restoration. When the proper balance of these factors is established, the rate of chemical degradation is maximized. 

There are two noncolumn cleanup methods, one of which uses acid partition (EPA SW-846 3650) to separate the base/neutral and acid components by adjusting pH. This method is often used before alumina column cleanup to remove acid components. The other method (EPA SW-846 3660) is used for sulfur removal and uses copper, mercury, and tetrabutylammonium sulfite as desulfurization compounds. Sulfur is a common interfering compound for petroleum hydrocarbon analysis, particularly for sediments. Sulfur-containing compounds are very common in crude oil and heavy fuel oil. Elemental sulfur is often present in anaerobically biodegraded fuels. Thus, abnormally high levels of sulfur may be... 

The oxychlorination reactor is packed with cupric (copper) chloride catalyst. Three feeds, gaseous hydrogen chloride, pure oxygen or oxygen in the form of air, and ethylene are reacted at 600-800°F and 60-100 psi, to form EDC, and water, as in Reaction Three in Figure 9-1. The reaction effluent is then piped over to the cleanup fractionator, where it commingles with the EDC stream from Reaction One and the recycle stream from VC fractionator. 

At the Coast Wood Preserving, Inc., Superfund site (Ukiah, California), the technology was used to remove metal contamination to comply with both state and federal cleanup standards [50 parts per billion (ppb) arsenic, 50 ppb chromium, and 1 ppm copper]. The estimated total cost for the source control component of the remedy was 1,000,000, and the estimated total operational and maintenance costs was estimated to be 19,500 for a 20-year period (D16888B, p. 3, Report Documentation p. 2). 

The total cost of cleanup at the King of Prussia Technical Corporation Superfund site in Camden County, New Jersey, was 7,700,000, including off-site disposal cost for the sludge cake. Approximately 19,200 tons of contaminated soil and sludge was treated. The contaminants of primary concern were chromium, copper, and nickel (D12463A, p. 28). 

Although flotation was developed as a separation process for mineral processing and applies lo the sulfides of copper, lead, zinc, iron-molybdenum, cobalt, nickel, and arsenic and to nonsullides, such as phosphates, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, iron oxides, limestone, feldspar, fluorite, chromite, tungstates, silica, coal, and rhodochrosilc, flotation also applies to nonmineral separations. Flotation is used in the water disposal field, particularly in connection with petroleum waste water cleanup. 

A method based on a metal chelate affinity chromatography (MCAC) was described by Carson (24). Generally, it consists of extraction/precipitation with succinate buffer followed by cleanup on a Chelating Sepharose column preloaded with copper(II) sulphate when TCs are specifically adsorbed by chelatation with metal ions bound. Elution of TCs was achieved using EDTA-containing buffer. 

An additional cleanup step should be performed to remove sulfur using mercury or copper powder. Permanganate-sulfuric acid treatment is not recommended. Unlike PCBs, most pesticides are fully or partially oxidized by reaction withKMn04-H2S04. Treatment with concentrated H2S04 alone is not recommended, because pesticides such as dieldrin and endrin were found to be totally destroyed at 20 ng/mL and endrin aldehyde and endosulfan sulfate partially decomposed at 60 ng/mL concentrations, respectively, in the extract (Cavanaugh and Patnaik, 1995). 

While all planar aromatic PLACs and RPCBBs of interest were persistent against sulfuric acid, the cleanup of the evaporated extract in hexane was started by sulfuric acid shaking or with sulfuric acid impregnated on a silica column [43,56]. For sediment samples, elemental sulfur interference was eliminated using copper activated with HC1 [43, 57]. Further cleanup of PLACs was done according to Scheme 1 [43]. 

Stems with sunken lesions. Cause Anthracnose. Sunken lesions with pink blisters appear on stems. Plants may die. Cultural controls such as regular fall cleanup and thinning stems to improve air circulation are effective. Treat severe problems with copper fungicide sprays. 

Hazardous wastes Extraction with hexane/acetone cleanup on silica gel column desulfurization by copper or mercury if necessary HRGC/ECD 60-70 pg/kg 104-107 (for soil) Lopez-Avila et al. 1988... 

FMAE was compared with pressurized-liquid, Soxhlet, and ultrasonic extraction for the analysis of sewage sludges. The optimum conditions for FMAE were determined to be 30 W, for 10 min in 30 ml of acetone HEX (1 1, v/v). Recoveries for certified reference marine sediment, CRM 1941a, were 75, 61, and 56% for FLA, B[b]F, and B[a]P, respectively. Activated copper bars were added to samples to remove sulfur. Mean recovery by FMAE was 70% compared to traditional Soxhlet extraction. FMAE recoveries exceeded those for ultrasonic extraction but better results were obtained by pressurized-liquid extraction (PEE) with the best results obtained by Soxhlet extraction. All extracts required column cleanup, concentration, and solvent exchange for RP-HPLC-FLD analysis. 

Cleanup and Disposal The dry copper can be placed in a waste container. Moisten any residue that sticks to the beaker, and wipe it out using a paper towel. Pour the unreacted copper(II) sulfate and iron(II) sulfate solutions into a large beaker. Return all lab equipment to its proper place. 

Two-Dimensional Copper Tests with Pulsed Voltage An attractive idea, which is under investigation at Cambridge, is to use only solar power for providing the electric field. In principle, the provision of solar power should be much easier for a barrier than for cleanup because the power requirements should be much less. 

Cleanup procedures vary considerably depending on both the mycotoxin(s) and the commodity to be analyzed. For many commodities slurries of freshly precipitated iron(III) hydroxide and copper(II) carbonate have proved effective in removing co-extractives. Flocculation of impurities with aqueous lead acetate or zinc acetate has also been used. Some mycotoxins can be adsorbed onto silica gel and/or florosil and subsequently eluted. Indeed, a range of commercially available prepared columns, such as Sep-Pak, have proved very convenient as a cleanup stage for crude extracts of mycotoxins before subsequent analysis. 

Major matrix components or other trace organic compoimds, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and pesticides, are coextracted with PCBs and might cause interference to the instrumental response, thus they should be eliminated by suitable cleanup procedures. The cleanup is generally performed by column chromatography on suitably activated or deactivate silica [24,54,68,97,128,138,146], sulfuric acid impregned silica [131], alumina [9,14,15,90-92,142], or Florisil (synthetic magnesium silicate) [24,44,67,83], and styrene-divinylbenzene resin [121]. Multilayer columns are frequently utilized. The retention of analytes in the column should be checked by standard solutions in order to find both the best solvent or mixture of solvents and the optimum volume to be used to selectively elute PCBs and leave interferents in the column. n-Hexane and dichloromethane are the most widely used solvents to elute the PCBs from the stationary phase. In addition, special treatments are very often used to eliminate specific interfering substances. For instance, activated copper powder with [23] or without mercury [14,49,81,87,151] or tetrabutyl ammonium sulfite [4] is used to remove elemental sulfur and sulfuric acid is used to remove lipids [107]. 

Pantothenic acid and pantothenates may also be analyzed following derivatization to extend the chromophore and hence allow UV detection at higher wavelengths or fluorometric detection. Hudson et al. (63) have attempted to analyze the vitamin as a P-alanine-fluorescamine complex. The derivatization procedure was lengthy and required extensive sample cleanup before the hydrolysis step due to the interference of riboflavin, niacinamide, and some minerals such as zinc, copper, manganese, and molybdenum. Although these interferences were eliminated, the method did not yield reproducible results. 

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