Copper chloride, structure

These materials are essentially combustion improvers and tend to have fairly simple formulations (e.g., 3% copper chloride, 7% manganese chloride, 90% ammonium chloride). They are designed to change the crystalline structure within the clinker crystal lattice and raise the clinker eutectic point, thus minimizing the formation of noncombustible clinker, residual ash, and other deposits. Feed rates are approxiimately 0.5 to 2.0 lb per bone-dry ton. 

The superconducting oxides include both perovskites and Ruddlesden-Popper compounds which have an orthorhombic arrangement of cubic cells, alternatively of the perovskite and sodium chloride structures. The common feature of all of these is the presence of copper as a major component. The first ceramic superconductor was a lanthanum-strontium substituted cuprate (Lai Sr Cu04 z), which is a perovskite, but subsequently the inter-oxide compound Y203 2BaO 3CuO, commonly referred to as a 123 compound, was shown to have superior performance. The speculation concerning the conduction mechanism is that this involves either Cu3+-Cu2+ positive hole... 

Figure 2.6 Photochromic glass (a) glass melt containing dissolved CuCl and AgCl (b) melt is cast into a homogeneous glass blank (c) heat treatment precipitates crystallites (much exaggerated in size here) in the blank and (d) sodium chloride structure of AgCl containing copper impurities and Frenkel defects.

The basic study was performed on copper complexes with N,N,N, N1-tetramethylethane-1,2-diamine (TMED), which were known to be very effective oxidative coupling catalysts (7,12). From our first kinetic studies it appeared that binuclear copper complexes are the active species as in some copper-containing enzymes. By applying the very strongly chelating TMED we were able to isolate crystals of the catalyst and to determine its structure by X-ray diffraction (13). Figure 1 shows this structure for the TMED complex of basic copper chloride Cu(0H)Cl prepared from CuCl by oxidation in moist pyridine. 

Hypoxanthine and copper chloride in aqueous HCl at pH 4 form [Cu2(HxH2)4Cl2]2Cl2 6H2O (41) (70AX(B)1609), the X-ray structure of which is similar to its AdH analog 40. 

Carbonylchlorocopper(I) is a colorless crystalline substance that decomposes rapidly in the absence of a carbon monoxide atmosphere to give copper(I) chloride and carbon monoxide. The compound is, however, stable for long periods of time if stored under carbon monoxide. Cu(CO)Cl has a polymeric structure,10 which may be described as layers of fused, six-membered, copper-chloride rings in the chair conformation, with terminally bonded carbonyl ligands. The infrared spectrum of Cu(CO)Cl (Nujol mull at 0°C) displays a characteristic large peak at 2127 cm -1 and a vibrational analysis has been reported.13... 

Benzene may be polymerized under the action of aluminium chloride and copper chloride into a thermostable structure which retains the chemical reactivity of benzene. Such a polymer may be sulfonated or phosphonated in suspension, and active acidic catalysts are obtained that are stable up to 350 °C and carry the functional groups only at the surface n°) ... 

In contrast to the lithium acetylide reaction, addition of copper(I) phenylacetylide to (i75-C5H5)(PPh3)2RuCl (1) affords the monomeric ruthenium acetylide-copper chloride adduct (62) as the major product. An X-ray crystal structure of this complex reveals an tj1, -bridging acetylide between the ruthenium and copper centers, respectively (62). A small amount of the dimeric chloride bridged complex 61 was also isolated. The copper chloride can be removed from the monomeric complex by the... 

B) The metallic bonds allow for free movement of valence electrons within elemental copper. This allows greater conductivity. Copper chloride, on the other hand, is an ionic solid, where the electrons are all held tightly within the crystalline structure of the compound. Tightly bound electrons can t support the flow of electric current. 

Methylamino-8-azapurine uniquely followed a more complex path. A simultaneous Dimroth rearrangement to 6-amino-9-methyl-8-azapurine (Section C,2) allowed two isomeric amidinotriazoles to be formed, one from each 8-azapurine. 6-Amino-8-azapurine, when set aside in cupric chloride solution, produced the following complex tetrachlorobis-2-[(4-amino-5-carboxamidinium)-l,2,3-triazole]copper +, the structure of which was verified by single-crystal X-ray work. ... 

The structure of caesium chloride is included here because, although it is not close packed, it is often confused with, and written as, body centred when it is not. The structure of caesium chloride is shown in Figure 1.17. The chloride ions are on the cube comers and the ion at the centre is a caesium. In Section 1.4 we saw that a body-centred cubic lattice refers to an identical set of points with identical atoms at the comers and at the centre of the cube. This means that the stmcture of caesium chloride is not body-centred cubic. Many alloys, such as brass (copper and zinc) possess the caesium chloride structure. 

A prerequisite for the interpretation of metal precipitations is the term ion and the simple structure of the atom with the atom nucleus and differentiated electron shells. If the ion term has already been introduced as in Chap. 5, then the colors of salt solutions are already known - for instance the light blue color of diluted copper sulfate solutions or of diluted copper chloride solutions. Armed with this information, there are good prerequisites for the problem-oriented interpretation of the following experiments. If an iron nail is dipped into copper sulfate solution, then a copper-colored coating appears on the part that has been dipped (see E8.1). If iron wool is placed in copper sulfate solution, then the solution warms up and the blue color of the solution disappears (see E8.2). 

At higher surface coverages (more than Vi but less than 1), anions can be entirely displaced by copper adatoms from the surface or both form a two-layer structure in which anions are adsorbed on both the platinum and the copper sites. The final step is the total filling of the copper monolayer to form a bilayer phase with a disordered anion ad-layer on the topmost of Cu-Pt(lll) [106] or an ordered (2 x 2) bilayer of copper-halide structure on Pt(100) [104], The same physical models can be used in the case of bromide and chloride with little differences between the anion distances with a surface structure like that of a honeycomb ad-layer. The situation accounting for iodine adsorption is very different because of its large atomic radius and specific adsorption on noble metals. 

Even with the / and y phases the position is not always as simple as in the case just discussed, and in fact it appears that the pattern of sites occupied, and not the actual distribution of the two kinds of atom, is the only significant feature of the structure, for a given phase may appear in different systems at widely different compositions. Thus in the copper-tin system the / phase appears at a composition of about 17 atomic per cent of tin, corresponding approximately to the formula Cu5Sn. Such a composition is clearly not consistent with the caesium chloride structure, but it is found that the phase is actually a body-centred cubic arrangement with the atoms distributed at random in these proportions. 

An extensive literature exists on the characterization and structure—activity correlation of industrial copper-alumina oxychlorination catalysts [95-120]. At least two different major copper species have been identified. At low concentrations of copper (below ca 5 %), a well-dispersed copper species in intimate interaction with the alumina surface is formed. This species has a very low oxychlorination activity. At higher concentrations, a second species, probably formed by the de-position/precipitation of the copper chloro complexes, is observed. The latter gives rise to the active sites during the oxychlorination reaction. On the basis of an FTIR study of the oxychlorination reaction Finocchio et al. [42] postulated the formation of surface copper chloride-ethylene r-complex intermediates (which lead eventually to EDC) and weakly adsorbed HCl during oxychlorination. Formate species associated with copper and probable precursors for formation of the oxides of carbon by combustion were also identified. 

Fulton JL, Hoffman MM, Darab JG (2000) An X-ray absorption fine structure study of copper chloride coordination structure in water up to 325 degrees. Chem Phys Lett 330 300-308 Gillam E, Heal HT (1952) Some problems in the analysis of steels by X-ray fluorescence. British J Appl Phys 3 353-358... 

The third spectrum (c) was obtained from copper chloride dissolved in hydrated trioctylammonium 2-ethylhexanoate in toluene (the mixed extractant). It has a broad maximum absorbance at 725 nm, its symmetry is similar to that of copper carboxylate, and bonding of copper can be assumed to occur via the carboxylic oxygens in a manner similar to that of the dimer. Spectrum (c) bears an even greater similarity to that of the Cu-EDTA complex, the maximum absorption being at 734 nm, and which is known to have a distorted octahedral structure [12]. It is easy to convert the carboxyT ate dimer into a mixed complex. On adding trioctylamine to copper carboxylate, the maximum absorption shifts gradually from 680 to 725 nm. It is assumed that the addition of the amine converts the dimer into a monomer in which copper is bound to four monomeric carboxylic ligands and two amine molecules are located farther away in an axial position. It is of interest to note that the anion of the salt coextracted with the metal ion has no effect on the visible spectrum i.e., it is immaterial whether copper fluoride, chloride, or nitrate is extracted they all have the same spectrum. 

Copper chloride coordinated to aminated polystyrene is active in the oxidation of 2,6-dime thy Iphenol (2,6-DMP) to the DPQ [95]. In the mechanism proposed, a fi-peroxocopper(II) complex of the structure ... 

For synthesis of a Fe-Cu alloy [434] the dodecyl sulfates Cu(DS)2 and Fe(DS)2 were first synthesized via reaction of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) with ferrous or copper chloride. The precipitate obtained as the reaction product on standing at 2°C was repeatedly washed with iron or copper chloride solution and recrystallized in distilled water. A mixed surfactant micellar composition close to the CMC with 30% Fe(DS)2 and 70% Cu(DS)2 was prepared, and NaBH4 was added to it. Synthesis was carried out in a glove box under nitrogen atmosphere to prevent oxidation of the products. The solution showed an immediate change to a dark color along with the formation of nanoparticles (< 10 nm). X-ray diffraction of the particles showed the fee structure and electron microscopy showed interconnected networks. The estimated average composition of the product was found to be 14%... 

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