Controlled-emission technology

CAT computer-aided tomography GET controlled-emission technology... 

Although water injection is still used, dry control combustion technology has become the preferred method for the major players in the industrial power generation market. DLN (Dry Low NOx) was the first acronym to be coined, but with the requirement to control NOx without increasing carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbons this has now become DLL (Dry Low Emissions). 

Under Part 1 of EPA 90, an IPC system controls emissions to air, land and water for the most polluting industrial and similar processes. All operators of prescribed processes, e.g. fuel and power, minerals, waste disposal and chemical, require prior authorization. They are required to use BATNEEC, the Best Available Technology Not Entailing Excessive Cost ... 

C.T. Bowman. Control of Combustion-Generated Nitrogen Oxide Emissions Technology Driven by Regulation. Proc. Combust. Inst., 24 859-878,1992. 

The technology for controlling emissions from heavy-duty vehicles has, until recently, focussed on in-cylinder measures such as direct injection (DI) and high-pressure injection (HPI, >150 MPa). However, at current and future emission levels SCR has become the NOx emission-control technology of choice, whilst DPFs will effectively become mandatory at the Euro VI level (Table 4). 

Technologies to control emissions of SO2 and NO, include flue gas desulphuiisation (FGD) for SO control and NO, emissions abatement and control by primary measures, or by flue gas treatment. Flue gas desulfurization can be classified inio the following six main categories ... 

The three-way catalyst, consisting of Pt and Rh particles supported on a ceramic monolith, controls emissions of CO, NO and hydrocarbons from automotive exhausts and represents a remarkably successful piece of catalytic technology [42]. The three-way catalyst enables the removal of the three pollutants CO, NO and hydrocarbons, by the following overall reactions ... 

Fig. 41). Changes in emission legislation and in automotive emission control catalyst technology therefore might affect both the supply and the price of platinum, palladium and especially rhodium (Table 12). 

Compliance and noncompliance can be costly. It has been estimated that the installed cost of equipment and systems to control emissions could range from 20 to 50 billion or higher. The technologies expected to be used include wet scrubbing, thermal incineration, catalytic incineration, carbon absorption, and solvent recovery. New sources and modifications of existing sources of air pollution in an attainment area are regulated under the... 

With the passage of the CAAA, emissions control for numerous inorgaincs have become mandatory. Technologies that can be used effectively to control emissions include ... 

Catalytic technologies are usually employed to deal with pollutants emitted by the exhaust systems of motor vehicles and which are subject to regulation (nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, CO and particulates). Specific catalysts have been developed in each case as a function of the regulatory requirements and particular characteristics of the emission. Thus, three-way catalysts are highly efficient at controlling emissions produced by engines... 

Catalytic combustion has received an increasing interest as an ultra-low emission technology for gas turbines. The main advantage with catalytic combustion is the possibility to decrease, and for some fuels to increase, the fuel-to-air ratio beyond the limits of flammability. Hence the combustion process and the temperature evolution in a gas turbine combustion chamber can be better controlled and stabilized. This flexibility gives the possibility to reduce emissions of unwanted pollutants compared with conventional flame combustion. Depending on fuel characteristics, emissions such as thermal and fuel-NOx, CO and hydrocarbons as well as soot can be reduced to ultra-low levels. Other advantages are lower noise levels and less vibrations. 

GenSim includes an extensive externality component that allows the user to consider the costs of externalities on LCOE estimates. Initially, GenSim assumes that the prices for all four externalities, COj, NO, SOj, and mercury (Hg) are set at zero. The capital costs for each generating option include those associated with the best available control technologies for both SO2 and NO. CO2 and mercury emission technology costs are not included in the default capital costs. Using this externality component, the user can explore the effect of externality costs and/or different pollution-control technologies on the estimates of LCOE. 

The standards are based on the emission levels achievable using well-designed and operated fabric filters, wet scrubbers, or ESPs. All of these systems are considered the best demonstrated technology for controlling emissions from calciners and dryers in this source category, depending on the type of calciner, dryer, and mineral industry. 

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