Contribution of Other Authors

In the 50 years after the appearance of Flory s book Principles... numerous authors published contributions to the theory of step-growth polymerization covering the following aspects  

In the year 2004, S. Kuchanov, H. Slot and A Stork [29] published a comprehensive review article entitled Development of a quantitative theory of polycondensation with 462 references (incl. a handful papers of Flory). A particular quality and advantage of this review is the fact that all the pertinent Russian literature is included. It is, of course beyond the scope of this chapter to comment on all these references. However, a few topics are discussed in this and other chapters. For instance examples concerning point (II) were mentioned above [7-20]. The various aspects of cyclization reactions (Ilia) are discussed in Chaps. 5,7, and 12. The literature dealing with theory and modeling of branching reactions is mentioned in Chaps. 10 and 11, and publications concerning points (Illb) and (IV) are shortly presented in the following text. 

Polycondensations violating Flory s premisse that the reactivity of aU functional groups is independent of the size of the molecules (Ilia) were subjected to kinetic analyses and computer modeling by numerous authors. In the review article of Kuchanov et al. [29]. The relevant papers are subdivided into two categories papers dealing with electronic or steric short-range effects and papers dealing with 

Finally, papers dedicated to theoretical studies of copolycondensations should be mentioned. From the experimental point of view it is convenient to characterize different sequences by a microheterogeneity parameter (C ) which may be defined according to Eq. (4.43). The frequency of the three possible dyads in a binary system can be determined from the intensities of the dyad signals in H NMR or C NMR spectra. A first mathematical treatment of such a copolycondensation was published by Shtrikhman in 1959 [51]. Many more studies were presented later by other research groups [52-83], part of which focused on KC polycondensations [52-60], whereas another part concentrated on TC polycondensations [62-83]. Relatively few papers deal with copolycondensations of non-symmetrical monomers [34, 64, 84-88]. The first study in this direction was apparently published by Korshak et al. [84]. Again it should be mentioned that cyclization reactions were not taken into account. This aspect is of interest, because it was demonstrated by 

Kricheldorf et al. [89]. using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry that syntheses of copolycarbonates with high conversion exclusively yielded cyclic oligomers and polymers in the observable mass range. These cychc possess all possible compositions and include a considerable fraction of cyclic homopolymers. 

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The idea that the cosmos is in some sense biocentric has been supported over the past several decades by the discovery of biocentric fine-tuning of the fundamental physical constants (see also the contributions of other authors in this volume), the so-called cosmic coincidences (Car and Rees, 1979 Davies, 1982 Barrow and Tipler, 1986). One such coincidence is the lucky fact that the nuclear resonances of and O are exactly what they need to be if carbon is to be synthesized and accumulate in any quantity in the interior of stars. The energy levels of these resonances ensure that is first synthesized in stellar interiors from collisions between Be and helium nuclei and that the carbon synthesized is not depleted later. This discovery was made by Hoyle in 1953 while working at Caltech with William Fowler (Hoyle, 1964). An intriguing aspect of the discovery is, as Hoyle later pointed out (1994, p. 256), that it was a prediction from the Anthropic Principle. From the cosmic abundance of carbon, Hoyle inferred probable coincidences in the nuclear resonances that facilitated and promoted the synthesis of carbon (Barrow and Tipler, 1986, pp. 250-5). Hoyle s discovery was widely acclaimed, not only as a major scientific discovery, but also as evidence for the biocentricity of nature. 

In the final section of Section I we summarize our methodology and we discuss briefly some of the recent theoretical contributions of other authors, that we have found to be useful or complementary to our techniques. 

In this chapter, some of the recent advances on the application of chemiluminescence to the study of several types of polymers performed by the authors are reviewed, together with the contributions of other authors in the field. 

Flory emphasized that Eqs. (4.12) and (4.16) are vahd for both, KC Unear polycondensations and for the fraction of linear polymers in TC polycondensations. Flory s equations and this conclusion were reinvestigated and debated by other authors [7—20], but a consensus was reached saying that Hory was correct [21]. However, it must be kept in mind that Flory s equations and the cited contributions of other authors do not provide an adequate description of real polycondensates containing cychc ohgomers and polymers (Chap. 7). 

The editorial effort demanded by this book did not seem formidable at the onset, but we definitely underestimated the amount of work involved. We would not have been able to finish without the dedicated efforts of several people, including Peg Pankratz, Monica Striker, and Karen McNeil, who worked far beyond the call of duty in preparing not only our contributions but also submissions for a number of other authors. We are grateful to Christopher O Brien for editorial assistance and to the Portland State University Chemistry Department for support. 

This article considers aspects of the relation of medicine with other learned disciplines during the sixteenth century and presents some examples of the contribution of medical authors of that period to such diverse fields as natural philosophy, physiognomy, alchemy, travel writing, the art of memory, and the study of antiquities... 

CDs and polymers, and have accumulated a lot of information that they believe is basically significant and interesting for the elucidation of macromolecular recognition. This paper summarizes the main findings and conclusions from their efforts, along with the related important contributions from other authors. 

This account has been written from a personal perspective and thus has focused almost exclusively on the development and applications of the CMR and MBR. In that context, the numerous significant contributions of others are beyond the present scope and have been discussed comprehensively by the author elsewhere [6, 33, 34]. Nonetheless, they shall not be allowed to pass here without mention. 

The author gratefully acknowledges the contributions of others to various aspects of this project. F. P. Burke and R. A. Winschel provided research guidance and helpful advice. M. S. Lancet provided low temperature ash samples and conventional analysis data. Experimental work was performed by J. M. Sariscak, L. L. Anthony, and L. K. Dahm. L. L. Schlutz and D. J. Simmons prepared the manuscript. D. M. Haaland of Sandia National Laboratory provided the PLS and PCR software and gave advice on its use. G. Ritter of Nicolet provided the MCOMP program source code. 

In the present article, we summarize typical approaches to the evaluation of the strain energy density function from biaxial extension experiments and illustrate some intportant data. This article is not a review in the ordinary sense, as it deals to a large extent with a series of experiments carried out in our laboratory. By this we do not mean to bias or ignore any of the many important contributions by other authors. 

The principles that govern the ethics of scientific publication are no different than for any other endeavor complete and accurate reporting and appropriate attribution to the contributions of others. However, as always, the devil is in the details. The ethical responsibilities of authors and reviewers are sufficiently important and complex that the editors of the American Chemical Society journals have developed a detailed document outlining these responsibilities. (This document, Ethical Guidelines to Publication of Chemical Research is presented in Appendix 1-1.) The purpose of this chapter is not to duplicate this document, but rather to discuss some of the important underlying principles and situations that often arise. 

Aside from the many fundamental studies of other authors in the present volume (cf. esp. note 17 of M. Kohler s contribution), cf. especially J. Graf, op. cit. (note 48). 

Recently, two points must be mentioned a broad contribution of many authors which has been published by Weatherford and Jones as editors [33], and the clever treatment of Femdndez-Rico et al. [34] where many references on the subject can be found. Without neglecting other meritorious pieces of research, in modem times the continued work of Guseinov [35], Jones [36] and Steinbom [37] must be taken into accoimt and quoted. 

Thorough readers will notice some repetition of theory and analysis across chapters. In a volume such as this we believe this is inevitable and serves to connect concept to reality. We believe each chapter provides a good review of its topic, and we thank all authors who have independently surveyed what is known and related this knowledge to the contributions of others. 

On the other hand, in glassy polymers the zone of crack tip yielding is often found to be a thin wedge rather than a circle. It is now well documented that a good description of the shape and size of this yielded zone at the crack tip can be provided by the plastic zone size model proposed by Dugdale and by the cohesive force model of Barenblatt " . Similar solutions and further developments have been contributed by other authors... 

The Conference Committee would like to commend Robert F. Gould, Editor, Mrs. Colleen Stamm, Assistant Editor, and the staff of the Advances in Chemistry Series for their efficient handling of an unexpectedly large number of manuscripts and their outstanding job in the publication of the Preprints and these two final volumes. The cooperation and contributions of the authors, discussants, session chairmen, panel chairmen and panelists, and other participants are also gratefully acknowledged. 

Of the plethora of benefits that derive from practicing green chemistry, one that is not often considered, or at least discussed, is its application toward enhancing the professional development of faculty as they advance through the ranks. Opportunities within the areas of teaching, scholarly activities (research and related), and service (both community and institutional) abound as the field advances rapidly. Within the context of developing new green chemistry educational materials, herein is presented a discussion of multiple professional development opportunities taken from both the authors personal experiences as well as from the numerous contributions of others in the field. 

Although it is customary at the beginning of a book to thank the friends and co-workers who have contributed to the author s completion of his task, the many persons who have been instrumental to my own work shall remain unnamed with the exception of other authors whose works are listed in the bibliography. I will not single out any names here for special thanks either, as I have had very limited contact... 

Table 2 gives a comparison of the asymptotic values of /is-2p and ai with those of other authors for the hydrogen atom and for specimen values of R > 4. The asymptotic result for a is in error by just 2% at R = 4, and the accuracy increases rapidly as R increases. The first-order correction makes an important contribution to this accuracy in fact, when one examines the deviation of aj0) from the unconfined atom value 9/2, it is found to be in error by approaching 50% for some R > 10, whereas is in error by... 

Using the fractional abundances obtained from the analysis of the above data and the data obtained using their previous method [221], they were able to determine the cross-sections for the separate ionic states for both reactions (127) and (133). The cross-sections for reaction (127) with only 0 ( S) ions and for reaction (133) with only 0 CD) ions are shown in Fig. 25 (curves denoted by RV), together with the results of other authors which are not necessarily for a single electronic state. It was concluded from their results that the contribution of the state to reaction (127) is negligible, at least in the eV region. An indication that this is true has also been reported by Stebbings et al. [227]. 

Because a number of other authors contributed to our understanding of these and related concepts, Jencks (reference 112) proposed the acronym Bema Hapothle to incorporate references to the work of Bell, Evans, Marcus, Hammond, Polanyi, Thornton, and Leffler. 

The remainder of this chapter, as well as contributions from other authors, will address the spectroscopic characterization of the intermedi-... 

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