Fowler, William

Jeremy M. Fowler, Danny K.Y. Wong, H. Brian Halsall, and William R. Heineman... 

Payne, J.F., J. Kiceniuk, L.L. Fancey, U. Williams, G.L. Fletcher, A. Rahimtula, and B. Fowler. 1988. What is a safe level of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons for fish subchronic toxicity study on winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus). Canad. Jour. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 45 1983-1993. 

In 1960 Fred Hoyle and William Fowler discovered that thermonuclear combustion in the dense core of a degenerate star (the word degenerate is used in the sense of quantum theory and will be made exphcit later) could trigger the explosion and volatilisation of the star. If we add the idea that post mortem light emissions are fuelled by the gradual disintegration of an unstable radioactive isotope, nickel-56, a subject to be discussed in great detail later, we obtain the universal explanation of what are now known as type la supernovas. 

One day in 1978, 1 asked Willy (William Fowler) what roles he and Fred Hoyle had played in the marvellous theory of stellar nucleosynthesis which had set the stage for three generations of scientists. Finding the question difficult, he did not reply immediately, but several years later brought to my attention the scrupulously observed chronological description of the facts reproduced below. 

In the following section, 1 summarise the contents of the letter in which William Fowler replied to my query. He began by recommending articles written... 

Jean Audouze and myself share the double honour of having prepared our doctorates under the supervision of Hubert Reeves and then beginning our postdoctoral careers with William Fowler at the California Institute of Technology. 

Reaction probabilities have been extensively measured in many laboratories all round the world, and in particular at the California Institute of Technology under the guidance of William Fowler. But whenever experimental data is lacking, nuclear reaction rates can be estimated theoretically. In this way, reaction rates have been fully tabulated as a function of temperature, ready to be integrated into numerical codes for stars or the Big Bang, and made available to the whole astrophysical community. 

Williams PD, Mavituna F (1992) In Fowler MW, Warren GS (eds) Plant biotechnology. Per-gamon, Oxford, p 701... 

The new knowledge of nuclear physics affected cosmochemistry in another way. A classic paper by astrophysicists Margaret and Geoffrey Burbidge (husband and wife), William Fowler, and Fred Hoyle (this paper was so influential that it has come to be known by scientists simply as B2FH ) and a similar contribution by Allister Cameron, both published in 1957, provided the theoretical basis for understanding how elements are produced in stars, as described in Chapter 3. 

Fig. I. (a) Atomic abundances relative to Si = Iff versus atomic weight for die sun and similar main-sequence stars, (b) Cross-section factor S (in MeV-vams) versus cenler-of-momcnlum energy (in MeV) for l C(rt. y lO Dashed and solid curves are theoretical extrapolations of Munster and Kellog Caltech data by Langanke and Koonin (see references). 1 After paper on "The Quest for the Origin of the Elements by William A. Fowler, presented in December 1983, when author received the Nobel Prize for Physics. Complete article in Science. 226, 922-935 (November 23. 1984) and in Les Prix Nobel en 1983," Elsevier, New York, 1984]...

We express our thanks to Prof. William A.Fowler for useful discussions and encouragement. 

Rietschel, R.L. and Fowler, Joseph F. Jr., Eds., Fisher s Contact Dermatitis, 5th ed., Lippincott Williams Wilkins, Philadelphia, 2001. 

Chamlin, S.I., Kao, J., Frieden, I.J., Sheu, M.Y., Fowler, A.J., Fluhr, J.W., Williams, M.L., and Elias, P.M., Ceramide-dominant barrier repair lipids alleviate childhood atopic dermatitis changes in barrier function provide a sensitive indicator of disease activity. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol., 47, 198— 208, 2002. 

Schramm came by this interest in the link between particles and cosmology naturally. He pursued his doctorate at the California Institute of Technology under the direction of William A. Fowler— Willy, as he was known. Also at Caltech were Hubert Reeves and his graduate student Jean Audouze. Fowler was interested in all nuclear astrophysics and Reeves and Audouze were interested in the Hght elements. Schramm put nuclear astrophysics and the light elements together and it became one of his passions. 

The project started in the Kellogg Radiation Laboratory with a federal grant of 200,000 and quickly grew to an 80 million industry, employing nearly five thousand workers at a number of nearby sites. In 1944, the one-millionth Caltech rocket, nicknamed Holy Moses, rolled off an assembly line outside of Pasadena. Caltech had become, in the words of Lauritsen s assistant William A Fowler, a branch of the Bureau of Ordnance. ... 

Chow AT, Fowler C, Williams RR, Morgan N, Kaminski S, Natarajan J. Safety and pharmacokinetics of multiple 750-milligram doses of intravenous levofloxacin in healthy volunteers. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001 45(7) 2122-5. 

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