Contradiction table

The contradiction table is most likely the first inventive tool developed deliberately for general engineering use. Its function is to help inventors to eliminate all possible technical contradictions as identified by Altshuller. 

For any technical contradiction, identified by two conflicting characteristics of an engineering system, the table provides numbers of all inventive principles that could be potentially used to eliminate this contradiction. 

For example, when a technical contradiction between the volume of a moving object and its speed is considered, the table offers four numbers of inventive principles, namely 29,4,38, and 34. They are listed in order of their diminishing potential usefulness. These numbers identify such inventive principles as 

Replace a symmetrical form with an asymmetrical form of the system  

If the system is already asymmetrical, increase the degree of asymmetry. 

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The concept of contradictions is always difficult for students. Therefore, the Author has prepared a simple comparison of contradictions (Table 9.1) that clarifies many doubts and allows students to better understand these two important concepts. 

The contradiction table can be best explained from the knowledge perspective. In this case, the contradiction table can be interpreted as a certain universal body of inventive knowledge. It is in the form of a collection of decision rules related to all the technical contradictions associated with 39 identified features of an engineering system. Each decision rule has two conditions and at least one recommended decision. Each condition is related to a different feature of an engineering system from a given contradiction. The decision is the recommended action—or more precisely the inventive principle or simply principles—that should be used in this case. When several principles are available, they are listed in the order of diminishing potential usefulness. In the case of the specific contradiction discussed earlier, the decision rule is as follows ... 

The contradiction table is considered the synthesis of inventive knowledge acquired by Altshuller and his associates. Since it is an equivalent of a collection of decision rules, it is a priceless result that may be used... 

The contradiction table is the synthesis of methodological universal inventive knowledge. 

In the case of our example, the contradiction table (the intersection of the row weight and the column strength ) provides three inventive patterns, listed here in the order of the decreasing probability that they would be useful ... 

In addition to the mixed results in Table 10-1, the G2 calculation for H2 produces an energy that is lower than the experimental value, in contradiction to the rule that variational procedures reach a least upper bound on the energy. Some new factors are at work, and we must look into the stmcture of the G2 procedure in temis of high-level Gaussian basis sets and electron correlation. 

Despite the remarkable progress made, however, the trend shown in the table reveals a fact that cannot be interpreted favorably, at least to this author. In the third quarter of the 20th century, the structures of five different kinds of new luciferins have been determined, whereas, in the last quarter, only three structures, of which two are nearly identical, have been determined. None has been determined in the last decade of the century and thereafter, thus clearly indicating a declining trend, in contradiction to the steady advances in analytical techniques. The greatest cause for the decline seems to be the shift of research interest from chemistry and biochemistry into genetic biotechnology in the past 20 years. 

However, the inhibition of the reaction by lithium perchlorate, that strongly favors the cationic pathway (see chap. 2, 7), contradicts this assumption. With regard to yield and the degree of passivation the decarboxylation/desilylation appears to be a better choice than the bisdecarboxylation for the construction of unsaturated polycyclic compounds (see for example Table 11, No. 12b and No. 22). 

Note that Lewis acidity decreases, whereas Brpnsted acidity increases, going down the table. There is no contradiction here when we remember that in the Lewis picture the actual acid in all Brpnsted acids is the same, namely, the proton. In comparing, say, HI and HF, we are not comparing different Lewis acids but only how easily F and 1 give up the proton. The effect discussed here is an example of a symmetry factor. For an extended discussion, see Eberson, L. in Patai The Chemistry of Carboxylic Acids and Esters, Wiley NY, 1969,... 

The Fe(l1l) surface is composed of four-fold coordinated atoms and exposed second layer atoms that are seven-fold coordinated while the Fe(l10) and Fe(lOO) planes have only six-fold and four-fold coordinated atoms respectively. Here we have defined the coordination number as the number of nearest neighbor atoms. Dumesic s proposal that the seven-fold coordinated atom is an important component of the catalytically active site is not contradicted by our results ( ). It is also worth noting that the relative roughness or openess of the each plane follows the same progression as their catalytic activities. Table II also shows that the activity of each of the two less active surfaces was markedly enhanced by sputtering with Ar. It is possible that sputtering has exposed seven-fold coordinate atoms at the surface or that it is the roughness of the surface that is responsible for the structure senstivity of the reaction rate. 

The NFPA reactivity codes indicate the risks that are related to the propensity for polymerisation and/or instability of the nitrile group and of the potential ethylene double bond. The table below gives the available data with some contradictions between different sources, as usual (for acetonitrile, code 1 seems to make more sense)... 

The tables contained in Part Three are derived from a number of sources, listed below. Ambiguities and contradictions occur between these sources which are presented in the tables in the form of abbreviations. 

The key parameters of the electronic structure of these surfaces are summarized in Table 9.3. The calculated rf-band vacancy of Pt shows no appreciable increase. Instead, there is a shght charge transfer from Co to Pt, which may be attributable to the difference in electronegativity of Pt and Co, in apparent contradiction with the substantial increase in Pt band vacancy previously reported [Mukerjee et al., 1995]. What does change systematically across these surfaces is the J-band center (s ) of Pt, which, as Fig. 9.12 demonstrates, systematically affects the reactivity of the surfaces. This correlation is consistent with the previous successes [Greeley et al., 2002 Mavrikakis et al., 1998] of the band model in describing the reactivity of various bimetallic surfaces and the effect of strain. Compressive strain lowers s, which, in turn, leads to weaker adsorbate-surface interaction, whereas expansive strain has the opposite effect. 

As seen in Table 2, the order of the magnitude of rjj for alkali metal ions is the reverse of that of the magnitude of r. This means that a more hydrophilic ion has a larger rji. However, this fact does contradict the expectation from Bornian electrostatic theories. As can be seen in the Born equation [Eq. (2)], it is expected that the larger the radius an ion has, the more positive the value the ion has, that is, the more hydrophobic it... 

We see that the self-interaction error, J[p] + Exc[p], is in all cases in the order of 10 3 Eh or a few hundredths of an eV. In addition, the data in Table 6-2 reiterate some of the facts that we noted before. B3LYP, BP86 and BPW91 yield total energies below the exact result of -0.5 Eh, in an apparent contradiction to the variational principle (see discussion in Sec-... 

Figure 2, together with Table 2, explains the fact that neither the shortened Si=Si bond length, with respect to Si-Si, nor the increased vibrational frequency is in contradiction to the above statement 3 because minimum and curvature of the ground state energy curve are hardly influenced by the avoided crossing. 

Table 6.1 Organic additives in mortars and their classification by their effects on fresh and hardened mortars. Some of the protein additives are matched into more, sometimes even contradicting, categories, due to their different influence on fresh and moderately hardened mortars [22,24]...

However, certain contradictions can be seen from the data of Tables 1 and 2. Indeed, the molecular weights determined for aqueous solutions of these p- and s-fraclions in the SEC experiments (Table 1) coincided well with the results of light scattering for DMSO solutions (Table 2) but why did the molecular weights differ so considerably from the light scattering data (Table 2) for the solutions of given copolymers in pure water, where, in... 

The experiments of Table II that we have not discussed so far are by no means undeserving of attention. At the very least, we ought to verify that none of them really contradict the conclusion reached above regarding the rather high value of the diffusion coefficient D+ of H+, at temperatures near and modestly above room temperature, even though some of them have been used to estimate effective diffusion coefficients that are far smaller. More importantly, we can show that some of the experiments support the conceptual basis that was used, e.g., via Eqs. (97)-(100) and (104), to argue for the conclusions of the preceding subsections. 

The ability of flavonoids (quercetin and rutin) to react with superoxide has been shown in both aqueous and aprotic media [59,94]. Then, the inhibitory activity of flavonoids in various enzymatic and nonenzymatic superoxide-producing systems has been studied. It was found that flavonoids may inhibit superoxide production by xanthine oxidase by both the scavenging of superoxide and the inhibition of enzyme activity, with the ratio of these two mechanisms depending on the structures of flavonoids (Table 29.4). As seen from Table 29.4, the data obtained by different authors may significantly differ. For example, in recent work [107] it was found that rutin was ineffective in the inhibition of xanthine oxidase that contradicts the previous results [108,109], The origins of such big differences are unknown. 

An inference of fundamental importance follows from Eqs. (2.3.9) and (2.3.11) When long axes of nonpolar molecules deviate from the surface-normal direction slightly enough, their azimuthal orientational behavior is accounted for by much the same Hamiltonian as that for a two-dimensional dipole system. Indeed, at sin<9 1 the main nonlocal contribution to Eq. (2.3.9) is provided by a term quadratic in which contains the interaction tensor V 2 (r) of much the same structure as dipole-dipole interaction tensor 2B3 > 0, B4 < 0, only differing in values 2B3 and B4. For dipole-dipole interactions, 2B3 = D = flic (p is the dipole moment) and B4 = -3D, whereas, e.g., purely quadrupole-quadrupole interactions are characterized by 2B3 = 3U, B4 = - SU (see Table 2.2). Evidently, it is for this reason that the dipole model applied to the system CO/NaCl(100), with rather small values 0(6 25°), provided an adequate picture for the ground-state orientational structure.81 A contradiction arose only in the estimation of the temperature Tc of the observed orientational phase transition For the experimental value Tc = 25 K to be reproduced, the dipole moment should have been set n = 1.3D, which is ten times as large as the corresponding value n in a gas phase. Section 2.4 will be devoted to a detailed consideration of orientational states and excitation spectra of a model system on a square lattice described by relations (2.3.9)-(2.3.11). 

Table 3.5 gives the most typical examples of acyclic nitronic esters, which have unusually high thermal stability. These data contradict the known data on fast thermal decomposition of alkyl nitronates derived from the simplest nitroalkanes (237) and relatively low thermal stability of nitronate (73a). On the basis of the available data, the following empirical mle can be derived an extension of the conjugation chain of the nitronate fragment increases stability of nitronates. 

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