Fluid dialysis

Holmes and Aldous [74] determined the stability of the drug when mixed with peritoneal dialysis fluid and stored in plastic bags or glass ampules. 

Other workers have determined zinc in serum by direct dilution 87> 88). McPherson and George 89) determined total copper and zinc of red cells and the free copper and zinc of plasma and dialysis fluids of patients undergoing regular hemodialysis, using atomic absorption spectroscopy. Spry and Piper 90) determined zinc in whole blood and plasma in blood cells of iron deficient rats. The zinc concentrations were raised in the iron deficient rats. 

Ceftazidime also can be used in patients undergoing intraperitoneal dialysis (IPD) and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CARD). Give a loading dose of 1 g, followed by 500 mg every 24 hours. In addition to IV use, ceftazidime can be incorporated in the dialysis fluid at a concentration of 250... 

Notwithstanding the excellent analytical features inherent in molecular phosphorimetric measurements, their use has been impeded by the need for cumbersome cryogenic temperature techniques. The ability to stabilize the "triplet state" at room temperature by immobilization of the phosphor on a solid support [69,70] or in a liquid solution using an "ordered medium" [71] has opened new avenues for phosphorescence studies and analytical phosphorimetry. Room-temperature phosphorescence (RTF) has so far been used for the determination of trace amounts of many organic compounds of biochemical interest [69,72]. Retention of the phosphorescent species on a solid support housed in a flow-cell is an excellent way of "anchoring" it in order to avoid radiationless deactivation. A configuration such as that shown in Fig. 2.13.4 was used to implement a sensor based on this principle in order to determine aluminium in clinical samples (dialysis fluids and concen-... 

The flow-through sensor shown in Fig. 5.17.B, developed for the determination of aluminium in real samples (dialysis fluids and concentrates), is... 

As with adults, aluminum intake from aluminum-containing medication, such as antacids, buffered aspirins, and antidiarrheal agents would overwhelm ordinary dietary intakes (Pennington and Schoen 1995). Children may also be exposed to aluminum from vaccinations, parenteral feeding of premature infants, dialysis fluids, and treatment for hyperphosphatemia. 

Dialysis fluids Dilute sample with acidic Triton X-100 Phosphor- imetry i D) CO No data Andersen 1987... 

Dialysis fluids (continued) Add Ferron and cetyltrimethyl-ammonium bromide solution to sample and measure phosphorescence at 586 nm Phosphor- imetry 5.4 g/L No data De La Campa et al. 1988... 

Ion chromatography using spectrophoto-metric detection and on-line preconcentration gives an effective detection limit <1 g/L in aqueous samples. GFAAS is the method of choice for measuring low-ppb levels of aluminum in dialysis fluids (Andersen 1987, 1988 Woolfson and Gracey 1988). 

Andersen JR. 1988. Aluminum in peritoneal dialysis fluids as determined by stabilized temperature platform furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 6 29-33. 

Wilhelm M, Ohnesorge FK. 1990. Influence of storage conditions on aluminum concentrations in serum, dialysis fluid, urine, and tap water. J Anal Toxicol 14 206-210. 

Woolfson AD, Gracey GM. 1988. Methods for the determination of trace aluminum contamination in dialysis fluids. J Clin Pharm Ther 13 243-248. 

Inhibition of the formation of CML and pentosidine from various AGE precursors and BSA was more efficient with OPB-9195 than with AG.601 OPB-9195 also inhibited the formation of two ALEs (malondialdehyde-lysine and 4-hydroxynonenal-protein adduct) with an efficiency similar to that of AG. In glucose-based peritoneal dialysis fluid, OPB-9195 inhibited AGE formation, probably by trapping reactive carbonyls, such as GO, MGO, and 3-deoxyglucosone. 

A. Dawney, A.P. Wieslander, and D.J. Millar, Role of glucose degradation products in the generation of characteristic AGE fluorescence in peritoneal dialysis fluid in F, 1998, 333-338. 

Gastroenterological symptoms due to Al toxicity have been described as massive gastrointestinal intoxication and as peritoneal dialysis fluid contamination with Al [81-83]. 

Patients with acute and chronic Al encephalopathy can demonstrate unilateral or bilateral myoclonic jerks of the extremities for several months in the chronic form and days to weeks in the acute form, followed by convulsions and coma even when the exposure is terminated, ft seems as if brain pathology reaches a point of no return which results in frequent epileptic insults and inevitably leads to coma and death, either due to superimposed infections like aspiration pneumonia, or pulmonary edema due to cardiac toxicity. Recovery is exceptional in severe cases. In the past, reports showed that the early stages of chronic Al encephalopathy progressed to death, mainly because the most important source of Al, namely the dialysis fluid contamination, was not recognized as such and the exposure continued for months to years [10-17, 19-42]. 

Pancreatitis due to Mn- contaminated dialysis fluid Taylor and Price, 1982 (20) ... 

The total amount of drug recovered from the dialysis fluid is less than would be expected from the drop in plasma concentrations during hemodialysis. 

Peritoneal dialysis involves instilling appropriate fluid into the peritoneal cavity. Poison in the blood diffuses into the dialysis fluid down the concentration gradient. The fluid is then drained and replaced. The technique requires little equipment but is one-half to one-third as effective as haemodialysis it may be worth using for lithium and methanol poisoning. 

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