Contests

Shortly after publication of Dalton s New System of Chemical Philosophy Gay-Tussac announced his observations that volumes of gas which combine with each other and the volume of the combination thus formed are in direct proportion to the sum of the volumes of the constituent gases. The volumetric proportions of Gay-Tussac and Dalton s gravimetric ratios indeed supplement each other, although they themselves contested and rejected each other s concepts. 

AH of these factors should be considered when evaluating the quaUty of laboratory notebook entries. These entries may otherwise never be considered until they are the subject of a legal contest, at which time quaUty review may be too late. 

The importance of an accurate and complete record of invention caimot be underestimated. The record of invention should serve as the basic document for estabUshing the date of conception and reduction to practice of the invention. The U.S. PTO issues patents to those who are first to invent. In a contest over inventorship, any available record of invention is submitted to the U.S. PTO to estabUsh proof of an inventor s rights. As of January 1, 1996, any inventor from a country belonging to the World Trade Organization may use such evidence before the U.S. PTO. Previously, this type of proof could be rehed upon only if the activity, documented in the notebook, record, etc, was undertaken in the United States. Similarly, activity undertaken after December 8, 1993 in Mexico or Canada may also be rehed upon to prove inventorship. 

An interference is a contested action in the U.S. PTO to determine inventorship between two or more patent appHcants or between at least one patentee and one or more patent appHcants. The principal contest in an interference concerns the right to claim the invention. The interference action results from U.S. law, which awards patents to the first inventor, generally irrespective of patent appHcation filing date. In the simplest situation, an interference occurs when a pending appHcation discloses and claims the same invention which is claimed in at least one other copending appHcation or issued patent. 

In some circumstances the idea and expression are not distinguishable. A jewelry pin made in the form of a bee, or simple sweepstakes rules, may be examples of such a merger of idea and expression. There is no other way, or only a limited number of ways, to depict a bee in gold, or to express those contest rules. In such cases, copyright will not protect the work, for that would protect not only the expression, but the idea itself. 

Student Contest ProLlems, puLLshed annually Ly AlChE, New York (referenced Ly year). 

Other uses of ionomer resins are in footwear. Low-cost grades have been used for parts of shoe heels whilst grades of increased flexibility are among a wide range of polymers contesting the market for ski boots. 

The name pyrylium has been singularly contested by those who first studied it in the past. This name, pyrylium (which has been written pyrilium of pyryllium), was proposed by Decker and von Fellenberg ... 

Baeyer and Piccard were the first to prepare crystalline monocyclic pyrylium salts without hydroxy or alkoxy substituents, from y-pyrones and Grignard reagents in 1911. They ascribed a correct structure to these salts, although the bonds in the ring and the valency of the oxygen heteroatom remained contested topics for the next 20 years. The discussions around the formula of pyrylium... 

The authors generally considered the above results consistent with an ICI mechanism. In this contest, iodine favors the intersystem crossing or the opening of the Dewar intermediate, as reported in the Scheme 33 (72BSF2673). 

Streit, m. contest, combat, strife debate, dispute. 

Streitigkeit,/. contest, dispute, streng, strenge, a. severe, rigorous, harsh, strict, hard. 

Wett-kampf, m. contest, -lauf, oi. race, wettmachen, v.t. make good, compensate for. Wettstreit, m. contest, wetzen, v.t. whet, sharpen,... 

In the aqueous biphasic hydroformylation reaction, the site of the reaction has been much discussed (and contested) and is dependent on reaction conditions (temperature, partial pressure of gas, stirring, use of additives) and reaction partners (type of alkene) [35, 36]. It has been suggested that the positive effects of cosolvents indicate that the bulk of the aqueous liquid phase is the reaction site. By contrast, the addition of surfactants or other surface- or micelle-active compounds accelerates the reaction, which apparently indicates that the reaction occurs at the interfacial layer. 

Even after 10 years and nearly 700 projects, the two thousand employees continued to identify high-return projects. The contests in 1991, 1992, and 1993 each had in excess of 100 winners, with an average return on investment of 300 percent. Total energy savings to Dow from the projects of those three years exceeded 10 million, while productivity gains came to about 50 million. 

World War II was ultimately a contest between economies, and victories were a direct result of effective resource mobilization. The atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945 released a tremendous amount of energy in the form of heat and radiation the development of that weapon... 

The awards may have an upper limit, he dependent on the income or other characteristics of the recipient, or require the beneficiary to make a contribution from its own resources. Subsidies may be awarded by holding contests to select beneficiaries. 

Berenson and Wranglen have suggested that the presence of magnesium sulphide inclusions in ductile cast irons may act as corrosion-initiating sites and may therefore make ductile iron more liable to corrosion than grey iron but this view has been contested by Collins . 

After their initial development in the USA, fusion bonded epoxy coatings (FBE) are now factory-applied worldwide. Their specification as the first choice alternative to enamel coatings is still contested, although important... 

Approaches of de novo predictions, which try to calculate how the structural elements are folded into the 3D-stmcture (tertiary structure) of complete proteins are nowadays far away from reliable large-scale applications. On the other, hand this topic is under strong development indicated by recent successful results at the contest for structural prediction methods CASP4. With the fast growing number of experimentally solved 3D-stmctures of protein and new promising approaches like threading tools combined with experimental structural constraints, one can expect more reliable de novo predictions for 3D-protein structures in the future. 

Bordwell and Garbisch71 contested this conclusion since they found that nitric acid in acetic anhydride prepared at —10 °C contained a much less effective nitrating species (the nitric acid could be recovered quantitatively) than when mixed at 25 °C and cooled to —10 °C (the nitric acid being then mostly unrecoverable). Further, these latter solutions reacted with alkenes to give predominantly cis addition products (nitro-acetates), whi h indicates association of the nitronium ion with some other species. It has been argued72 that this does not necessarily follow, since nitration of aromatics may involve a different... 

However, Gillespie contested Szmant s results158 and proposed that diaryl sulphoxides are initially protonated on the oxygen atom and then undergo a rather rapid sulphonation in the aromatic rings, and concluded that sulphoxides are stronger bases than sulphones. 

Lord Kelvin s close associate, the expert experimentalist J. P. Joule, set about to test the former s theoretical relationship and in 1859 published an extensive paper on the thermoelastic properties of various solids—metals, woods of different kinds, and, most prominent of all, natural rubber. In the half century between Gough and Joule not only was a suitable theoretical formula made available through establishment of the second law of thermodynamics, but as a result of the discovery of vulcanization (Goodyear, 1839) Joule had at his disposal a more perfectly elastic substance, vulcanized rubber, and most of his experiments were carried out on samples which had been vulcanized. He confirmed Gough s first two observations but contested the third. On stretching vulcanized rubber to twice its initial length. Joule ob-... 

The best characterized excited state of PN remains to be, without contest, the A FI state yet experimentally detected in 1933 [1], During the next fifty years no new excited state findings were reported for PN. However during the last decade a revival of experimental... 

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