Contest aggressive

In a useful review of the entire field there is particular reference to the contested evidence on the behavioral effects of these compounds (37). The authors observed that certain of these complications, in particular hypoma-nia and increased aggressiveness, have been confirmed in some, but not all, randomized controlled studies. Epidemiological attempts to determine whether anabolic steroids trigger violent behavior have failed, primarily because of high rates of non-participation. Studies of the use of anabolic steroids in different populations typically report a prevalence of repeated use of 1-5% among adolescents. The symptoms and signs of the use of anabolic... 

Both exhibit strong aggression like characteristics which is needed in either a Bodybuilding or Powerlifting Contest ... 

Fig. 11.1 Stomatopods in burrows, (a) Neogonodactylus sp., smasher, in coral rubble cavity, (c) l.ysiosquilla tredecimdentata, spearer, in sandy burrow (photo Nick Hobgood, with permission), (b) smasher raptorial appendage, (d) spearer raptorial appendage. Most smashers occupy cavities in rock or rubble. These are in limited supply, and so are the subjects of fierce contests between individuals. Most spearers dig their own cavities in soft substrates such as sand or mud. While territory suitable for burrowing is easier to come by, these burrows can still represent a substantial investment. Nonetheless, cavity-dwellers tend to be more aggressive...

Fig. 11.7 Contests over cavities, (a) N.festae defending artificial burrow, (b) Time to enter cavity held either by animal evicted in previous contest (loser) or held by animal victorious in previous contest (victor). Intruders quickly entered cavities spiked with the odor of an animal that they had evicted (loser median time = 19 s), but delayed entering cavities with odor from animals that had successfully defended the cavity in an earlier bout (victor median time = 324 s Caldwell 1985). (c) Photograph of mating behavior in G. sp. near cavity, (d) Percent of interactions that are aggressive when a male enters a cavity inhabited by a female with whom he previously mated (paired) vs. a female that he has not encountered previously (nonpaired)...

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