Contaminated land, treatment

Caimey, T. (1992). Theory and practice of clean cover reclamation. In Contaminated Land Treatment Technologies, ed. Rees, J. F., Society of the Chemical Industry, Elsevier Applied Science, London., 97-112. 

Martin, I. D. and Bardos, P. (1994) Recent Developments in Contaminated Land Treatment Technology. Chemistry Industry, 6 June, 411-413. 

RCRA s TSDF standards also include provisions to protect groundwater and air resources from hazardous waste contamination. RCRA requires owners and operators of land-based units (i.e., land treatment units, landfills, surface impoundments, and waste piles) to monitor the groundwater below their TSDF for possible contamination, and clean up any discovered contamination. 

Source From NATO/CCMS, Evaluation of Demonstrated and Emerging Technologies for the Treatment and Clean Up of Contaminated Land and Groundwater, NATO CCMS Pilot Study, Phase III, 1999 Annual Report, EPA 542/R-99/007, no. 235,1999 Ferguson, C. and Kasamas, H., Eds., Risk Assessment for Contaminated Sites in Europe, Vol. 2. Policy Frameworks, LGM Press, Nottingham, UK, 1999. With permission. 

There are a wide range of bioremediation technologies either in use or proposed for use on oil/gasoline-contaminated land [301, 319], and these can be divided into two broad groups. In situ techniques treat the contamination at the site of the pollution event, whereas ex situ techniques remove the contamination from the ground and transfer it to another location for treatment. The use of in situ treatment is often preferable in terms of financial considerations, due to the cost of moving large quantities of soil [20]. Some novel approaches to the problem of hydrocarbon contamination of contaminated aqueous-solid phase environments is the use of (1) gas-liquid foams to enhance in situ bioremediation, and (2) biostimulation, as follows. 

Demitjian YA, Westman TR, Joshi AM, et al. 1984. Land treatment of contaminated sludge with wastewater irrigation. J Water Pollut Control Fed 56(4) 370-377. 

Sayles, D. Achenson, C.M. Kupferle, M.J. Brenner, R.C. Land treatment of PAH contaminated soil performance measured by chemical and toxicity assays. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1999, 33, 4310-4317. 

The commercially available bioremediation process occurs in an engineered land treatment cell or prepared bed. Contaminated soils and sludges are excavated and transported to the treatment ceU (or bed). Nutrients, water, and oxygen (introduced by tilling the soil) are added to the bed to accelerate the treatment process. After bioremediation is complete, the treatment cell is capped and the site is considered suitable for use. 

Land treatment has been successfully used to treat soil contaminated with creosote and pentachlorophenol. With weekly tilling, periodic irrigation, and addition of nitrogen and phosphorus when needed, 4347 m3 of soil was successfully treated so that pyrene was reduced from 100 mg/kg to 5 mg/kg, PCP from 150 mg/kg to 10 mg/kg, and carcinogenic PAH from ss 300 mg/kg to 20 mg/kg (Piotrowski et al--, 1994). Treatment times varied from 32 to 163 days, depending on climate conditions and initial concentrations of contaminants. 

Smith, M. A., Ed. 1985, Contaminated Land Reclamation and Treatment, Plenum Press, NY, 433 pp. 

McNeill KR, Waring S. 1992. Vitrification of contaminated soils. In Rees JF, ed. Contamination and land treatment technology (International Public Conference), 143-159. 

Table 4.11 Consideration of typical factors relating to in situ or ex situ treatment of contaminated land.

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