Irrigation with wastewater

Wastewater flows through a layer of sandy soil of granularity of 0.3-0.5 mm and a minimum thickness of 0.5 m. These soils are not used in agriculture. 

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Flores, L., Bias, G., Hernandez, G. and Alcala, R. (1997) Distribution and sequential extraction of some heavy metals from soils irrigated with wastewater from Mexico City. Water Air Soil Poll., 98, 105-117. 

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the importance of plant uptake and volatilization in NDMA dissipation from turfgrass soils. The second objective of this study was therefore to determine if NDMA persistence changes after soil is irrigated with wastewater for extended periods. 

High organic matter inputs to soils, including waste disposal operations. Sewage sludge, manure disposal, and irrigation with wastewaters can load... 

The calcareous soil sample (0-20 cm) was collected from a vegetable plot in Tianjin, China. The field had been irrigated with wastewater for more than 30 years, with occasional municipal and industrial sludge applications. The sample was air-dried and crushed to pass through a 2-mm plastic sieve. The... 

The model for irrigation with wastewater comprises the same elements as the original irrigation model but includes also transportation of wastewater by pipeline and storage in ponds. Pretreatment of the wastes before application is assumed to be performed by the municipality. The PEF is credited for the disposal of the wastes after treatment. 

The soil was collected from the Mezquital Valley, located near Pachuca in the State of Hidalgo (Mexico). The irrigation water used was slightly alkaline with a pH of 8.4. The experiment was carried out under greenhouse conditions. Soil collected from three sub sites was placed into cylindrical pots. Five treatments were established in order to study the effect of wastewater and urea on the cultivation of maize (Zen mays L.). The treatments were a) SMWW, maize plant plus wastewater b) SMUREA, maize plant plus urea as fertilizer c) SUREA, uncultivated soil and urea as fertilizer d) SWW, uncultivated soil plus wastewater and e) SCONTROL treatment, soil plus tap water. Soils from the SMWW and SWW treatments were irrigated with 1000 mL of wastewater every 7 days from the first day onwards, making a total of 13 times overall. This means that a total amount of mineral N equivalent to 120 kg N ha-1 was added to each maize plant, i.e. the recommended amount of N fertilizer for maize. 

Kadria E., Michel J. Effects of salinity on toxic element transfers in soils associated to agricultural wastewater reuse mobility and bioavailability of zinc and lead for ryegrass in soils irrigated with saline water. 2004. http //Kuk.uni-... 

Demitjian YA, Westman TR, Joshi AM, et al. 1984. Land treatment of contaminated sludge with wastewater irrigation. J Water Pollut Control Fed 56(4) 370-377. 

Fasciolo, G. E., Meca, M. I., Gabriel, E., and Morabito, J. (2002). Effects on crops of irrigation with treated municipal wastewaters. Water Sci. Technol. 45,133-138. 

Wachtel, M. R., Whiteland, L. C., and Mandrell, R..E. (2002). Prevalence of Escherichia coli associated with a cabbage crop inadvertently irrigated with partially treated sewage wastewater. J. Food Prot. 65,471 75. 

Masaphy and Mandelbaum (1997) indicated that long-term irrigation with treated wastewater increased organic matter in soil but decreased the overall mineralization rate of atrazine. The authors indicated that initial atrazine mineralization was greater in soils irrigated with treated wastewater, but after a few days of interaction between the soil and the applied herbicide, mineralization rates decreased as a result of decrease in bioavailability. 

Masaphy, S. and R.T. Mandelbaum (1997). Atrazine mineralization in slurries from soils irrigated with treated wastewater. Appl. Soil Ecol., 6 283-291. 

Melloul, A.A., Hassani, L. and Rafouk, L. (2001) Salmonella contamination of vegetables irrigated with untreated wastewater. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 1 7, 207-209. 

It is known that chemicals reach bodies of water by transportation through soil after generic manmade operations of land disposal of liquids. Examples of this include irrigation with low-quality waters, groundwater recharge operations involving partially treated wastewaters, and excessive fertilization and pesticide practices. 

Pedersen, J. A., Yeager, M. A., and Suffet, I. H., Xenobiotic organic compounds in runoff from fields irrigated with treated wastewater, J. Agric. Food Chem., 51, 1360-1372, 2003. 

Other burners are used for low capacity operations. A cascade or checker burner, ia which molten sulfur flows down through brick checkerwork countercurrent to a flow of air, is used ia small units with a sulfur trioxide converter to condition gases entering electrostatic precipitators at boiler plants operating on low sulfur coal. A small pan burner, which is fed with soHd, low carbon sulfur, is used to produce sulfur dioxide for solution ia irrigation water to control the pH and maintain porosity ia the soil. The same type of burner is used to disiafect wastewater ia this case sulfur dioxide is used iastead of chlorine. 

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