Containing a Carbonyl Group

A carbonyl group has a carbon atom and an oxygen atom connected with a double bond (i.e., C=0). Four kinds of organic compounds that contain only C, H, and O have a carbonyl group aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters. 

Aldehydes and ketones are very similar to each other. The difference is that, in an aldehyde, the carbonyl group is at the end of an alkyl chain, whereas in a ketone, the carbonyl group is not at the end of the chain. The best known aldehyde is formaldehyde (H2C=0). 

Formaldehyde is a gas that is very irritating to the eyes, nose, and throat. It is an example of a lachrymator, which is a substance that causes eyes to tear. Formaldehyde is also lethal to microorganisms, which is why formaldehyde—in the form of an aqueous solution called formalin—has been used to preserve dead organisms ranging from laboratory specimens to human cadavers. 

The most common ketone is acetone (CH3-CO-CH3). As a solvent, acetone mixes readily with water and in many other organic substances. Acetone often is sold by the gallon in hardware stores and home improvement centers to be used as paint thinner. 

In carboxyUc acids, the combination of C=0 plus an -OH on the carbon atom gives a carboxyl group, often represented -COOH. The O-H bond in the carboxyl group is weaker than the O-H bond in either C-H (as in a hydrocarbon) or O-H (as in an alcohol), so solutions compounds containing a carboxyl-group are acidic, hence the name carboxylic acid. The name of a carboxyhc acid ends in the suffix ic (or oic) and the word acid. 

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A compound has the molecular formula C4HgO and contains a carbonyl group Identify the compound on the basis of its H NMR spectrum shown in Figure 17 20... 

Compounds that contain a carbonyl group tend to break at this group the positive charge remains with the carbonyl portion. 

Reaction of TYZOR TPT with polyperfluoroalkylene ethers containing a carbonyl group produces a complex that is an excellent surface-treating agent, imparting improved surface wettabiUty and anticorrosion properties to metal surfaces (144). These complexes can be used by themselves, or as additives to perfluoropolyethers as vacuum pump oils, lubricant oils, or mold release agents. 

Irradiation at 20 C of perfluoro ethers containing a carbonyl group causes almost quantitative decarbonylation [179. Azindine undergoes photochemical addition with methyl trifluoroacetate [180 (equation 47). 

All the isolable dithiiraiies described previously contain a carbonyl group in their structures. Tire oxidation of tetrathiolanes 16 enabled the preparation of dithiirane oxides 17 that possess no other functional groups (98TL3525). 

Platinum, especially as platinum oxide, has been used by many investigators. If this catalyst contains residual alkali, it is apt to be ineffective for aromatic ring reduction unless an acidic solvent is used (1,3,19) or unless the compound also contains a carbonyl group, as in acetophenone, where 1,4-and 1,6-addition are possible (46). Nickel, unless especially active, requires vigorous conditions—conditions that may promote side reactions. 

Leaves of Eucalyptus rostrata were shown to contain substances that inhibited growth and germination (90). Four active fractions were obtained from the crude leaf extract. Inhibitory constituents were shown to contain a carbonyl group and a carbon-carbon double... 

Kelvin scale A fundamental scale of temperature on which the triple point of water lies at 273.16 K and the lowest attainable temperature is at 0. The unit on the Kelvin scale is the kelvin, K. ketone An organic compound containing a carbonyl group between two carbon atoms, having the form R—CO R. Example CH3—CO—CH2CH , butanone. kilogram (kg) The SI unit of mass. See also Appendix IB. 

My thesis was completed in 1938 and the results were published in 1939 Hydrides of Boron. XI. The Reaction of Diborane with Organic Compounds Containing a Carbonyl Group (3). 

A second reason why AI is of value to scientists is that it offers powerful tools to cope with complexity. In favorable circumstances, the solutions to problems can be expressed by rules or by a well-defined, possibly trivial, model. If we want to know whether a compound contains a carbonyl group, we could record its infrared spectrum and check for a peak near 1760 cm1. The spectrum, paired with the rule that ketones generally show an absorption in this region, is all that we need. But other correlations are more difficult to express by rules or parametrically. What makes a good wine We may (or may not) be able to recognize a superior wine by its taste, but would have considerable difficulty in determining whether a wine is good, or even if it is palatable, if all we had to go on was a list of the chemicals of which it is comprised. 

In cases where the substituent on the pyridine ring contains a carbonyl group, a weak band for the C-0 stretch can be detected in the SERS spectra, generally near 1700 cm. ... 

One of the most widespread theories is the theory of enolisation mechanism put forward by Beckmans in the last century and explains beautifully racemisation in compounds containing a carbonyl group next to the chiral centre ... 

A number that signifies whether the molecule contains a carbonyl group. 

Suppose the input to the network is an infrared spectrum, from which the network must determine whether the molecule whose spectrum is being assessed contains a carbonyl group. We could require that the network output a value of one if it believes that a carbonyl group is present in the molecule, and zero otherwise. It is very unlikely that the untrained network will generate exactly the correct output when it is presented with the first sample, so the error in its prediction will be nonzero. In that case, the connection weights in the network are modified (see below) to reduce the error, and thus, they make it more likely that the network will provide the correct answer the next time it sees this spectrum. 

The role of the SOM is to take data of high dimensionality, such as infrared spectra or the output from GC runs, and squash the data onto two dimensions in such as fashion that samples that are close together in -dimensions remain close together in two dimensions. Samples of similar characteristics, such as infrared spectra that display evidence of a carbonyl group, may then be found to be clustered in particular regions of the completed map. If a sample whose identity is unknown is fed into the map and is found to lie in one of those areas, one can conclude that it is likely that the sample contains a carbonyl group. 

In many cases, this band is the most prominent feature of the IR spectrum of compounds containing a carbonyl group. 

You see in Chapter 10 that aldehydes and ketones contain a carbonyl group attached to carbon or hydrogen atoms. In the case of carboxylic acids and their derivatives, a carbonyl group is attached to an electronegative element such as oxygen, chlorine, or nitrogen. The presence of these elements tends to increase the 5+ charge on the carbonyl carbon, which makes the carbon atom more susceptible to nucleophilic attack. 

Spontaneous loss of substituent during workup when added substituent contained a carbonyl group. 

This pro-drug approach provides a paradigm for future antimalarial drug discovery efforts in the sense that this approach can be extended to any protease inhibitor that contains a carbonyl group as the reactive protease inhibitor warhead . Simply masking the carbonyl group within a trioxane or endoperoxide provides a unique and selective mechanism for targeting the malaria parasite by two different mechanisms . ... 

Dihydro Derivatives Containing a Carbonyl Group in the Ring... 

Ketone class of organic compounds containing a carbonyl group bonded to two other carbon atoms... 

The presence of a carboxylic ester at position 5 of a pyrimidine ring contributes to a series of fused pyrroles containing a carbonyl group (Equation 86). The pyrimidine 240a is heated at reflux with cyclohexylamine for 8h providing 241a <2001JHC1051>. 

Pyrimido[4,5-c][l,2]thiazines have been synthesized by formation of 4-(alkanesulfonamido)pyrimidine bearing an electrophilic substitutent at C-5, and cyclization of an anion generated adjacent to the sulfonamide. The 5-sub-stituent can be a ketone (Equation 171) <2003W003/062246>, or a carboxylate or nitrile, in which case the product contains a carbonyl group at C-4 (Scheme 89) <2002W002/076463>. 

Multifunctional acids containing a carbonyl group such as pyruvic acid [CH3C(0)C00H] are typically measured using the derivatization techniques used for aldehydes and ketones, such as the DNPH method (e.g., see Lee et al., 1995). 

Cardenolldes appear to be metabolized by a variety of species, possibly as a mechanism for converting these steroids into compounds that can be efficiently sequestered. The milkweed bug, Oncopeltus fasclatus, metabolizes (hydroxylates ) the nonpolar cardenollde dlgltoxln to more polar compounds that are subsequently sequestered In the dorsolateral space fluid (17. 18). Larvae of another cardenolide-adapted Insect, the monarch butterfly, Danaus plexlppus. also convert these steroids Into compounds that are readily sequestered. For example, uscharldln, which contains a carbonyl group at C-3 ( ) of the... 

Oxidative Rearrangements Toste et al. recently developed various oxidative rearrangements of alkynes using sulfoxides as stoichiometric oxidants through carbenoid intermediates. These reactions could provide an entry into products that contain a carbonyl group susceptible to further functionalization [142] (Scheme 8.26). ... 

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