Consumer concept

Torjusen H, Sangstad L, O Doherty Jensen K and Kjaernes U (2004) European Consumers Conceptions of Organic Food A Review of Available Research, Professional Report no. 4-2004, National Institute for Consumer Research, Oslo, Norway. 

It seems, however, that the ill-defined consumer concept of natural flavorings extends far beyond this limited area of biologically formed flavorings. Certainly the flavoring... 

Lee, H. S. and O Mahony, M. (2005). Sensory evaluation and marketing measurement of a consumer concept. Food Quality and Preference, 16, 227-235. 

The RDA for niacin is based on the concept that niacin coen2ymes participate in respiratory en2yme function and 6.6 niacin equivalents (NE) are needed per intake of 239 kj (1000 kcal). One NE is equivalent to 1 mg of niacin. Signs of niacin deficiency have been observed when less than 4.9 NE/239 kj or less than 8.8 NE per day were consumed. Dietary tryptophan is a rich source of niacin and the average diet in the United States contains 500—1000 mg of tryptophan. In addition, the average diet contains approximately 8—17 mg of niacin. In total, these two quantities total 16—34 NE daily. Table 5 Hsts the RDA and U.S. RDA for niacin (69). 

A catalyst is a substance that iacreases the rate of approach to equiUbrium of a chemical reaction without being substantially consumed itself. A catalyst changes the rate but not the equiUbrium of the reaction. This definition is almost the same as that given by Ostwald ia 1895. The term catalysis was coiaed ia ca 1835 by Ber2eHus, who recognized that many seemingly disparate phenomena could be described by a single concept. For example, ferments added ia small amounts were known to make possible the conversion of plant materials iato alcohol and there were numerous examples of both decomposition and synthesis reactions that were apparendy caused by addition of various Hquids or by contact with various soHds. 

Corporate environmentalism is an evolving concept for environmental protection. In this case, business takes a pro-active stance independent of regulatory authorities. This can be in recognition of social responsibilities, but is more successful when compelled by competition in the market place. Thus, a hrm can conscientiously target environmentally aware consumers (through marketing environmentally friendly products or processes) or can be better placed for hnancial support from ethical investment funding bodies. 

Newer batteries can be divided into small rechargeable batteries for consumer electronics, cell-phones and laptop computers primarily, and larger advanced storage systems. The field of research on battery concepts and materials has recently... 

In 1959 the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) recommended a "maximum permissible concentration of plutonium in water (MPCW) for unlimited public use" of 5x10 5 Ci/m3 ( xlO6 Bq/m3) (64). In 1979 ICRP introduced the concept of ALI ("annual limits of intake"). For 239Pu the value was set at 2xl06 Bq (or 0.9 mg) per year (35). Because man consumes about 0.5 m3 water/year, this ALI value corresponds to 4x106 Bq/m3 potable water. 

Thus the average lifetime, x, of O on the catalyst surface (x=TOF ) equals 770 s or 13 min. This then should be the time needed for the rate, r, to decay to its unpromoted value upon current interruption. This is in excellent agreement with experiment (Fig. 4.13) and nicely confirms the sacrificial promoter concept of NEMCA The promoter (O5 ) is sacrificed by eventually reacting with the oxidizable species (C2H4). But before being sacrificed , i.e. consumed, it has caused on the average the reaction of A extra oxygen atoms with the oxidizable species. 

However, there is much to be harvested by seeking the underlying rules governing molecular properties of a similar family and distinguishing those rules from the sophisticated numerical results for individual molecules. For this purpose, qualitative theories are still desirable to provide useful concepts for elucidating intriguing molecular structures and chemical reactions, and more importantly, to predict the observable properties of new molecules before we carry out resource-consuming computations or experiments. 

The present section analyzes the above concepts in detail. There are many different mathematical methods for analyzing molecular weight distributions. The method of moments is particularly easy when applied to a living pol5mer polymerization. Equation (13.30) shows the propagation reaction, each step of which consumes one monomer molecule. Assume equal reactivity. Then for a batch polymerization. 

Contemporary s Tithetic chemists know detailed information about molecular structures and use sophisticated computer programs to simulate a s Tithesis before trying it in the laboratory. Nevertheless, designing a chemical synthesis requires creativity and a thorough understanding of molecular structure and reactivity. No matter how complex, every chemical synthesis is built on the principles and concepts of general chemistry. One such principle is that quantitative relationships connect the amounts of materials consumed and the amounts of products formed in a chemical reaction. We can use these relationships to calculate the amounts of materials needed to make a desired amount of product and to analyze the efficiency of a chemical synthesis. The quantitative description of chemical reactions is the focus of Chapter 4. 

Sections 2- and 3- describe how to use the relationships among atoms, moles, and masses to answer how much questions about individual substances. Combining these ideas with the concept of a balanced chemical equation lets us answer how much questions about chemical reactions. The study of the amounts of materials consumed and produced in chemical reactions is called stoichiometry. 

If we try to interpret reaction (10) according to Manchot s concept, taking m and n as oxidation numbers of inductor before and after the reaction and y as oxidation number of the primary oxide , since (y— ) equivalents are consumed in the oxidation of acceptor we get... 

The general recommendations on energy and fat intake are similar to those for the avoidance of heart disease. However, the recommendation to consume a variety of fruits and vegetables is based partly on the putative presence of diverse protective factors in plant foods. This concept does provide, at least in principle, a rationale for the functional health benefits of plant foods beyond the simple provision of nutrients at a level that prevents symptoms of deficiency. 

---