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Reactions propagation

Florvath D and Showalter K 1995 Instabilities in propagating reaction-diffusion fronts of the iodate-arsenous acid reaction J. Chem. Rhys. 102 2471-8... [Pg.1117]

Table 6.4 Rate Constants at 60 C and Activation Energies for Some Propagation Reactions... Table 6.4 Rate Constants at 60 C and Activation Energies for Some Propagation Reactions...
The electron-releasing R group helps stabilize this cation. As with anionic polymerization, the separation of the ions and hence the ease of monomer insertion depends on the reaction medium. The propagation reaction may be written as... [Pg.412]

The formation of copolymers involves the reaction of (at least) two kinds of monomers. This means that each must be capable of undergoing the same propagation reaction, but is is apparent that quite a range of reactivities is compatible with this broad requirement. We shall examine such things as the polarity of monomers, the degree of resonance stabilization they possess and the steric... [Pg.423]

The polymerization mechanism continues to include initiation, termination, and propagation steps. This time, however, there are four distinctly different propagation reactions ... [Pg.424]

When initiator is first added the reaction medium remains clear while particles 10 to 20 nm in diameter are formed. As the reaction proceeds the particle size increases, giving the reaction medium a white milky appearance. When a thermal initiator, such as AIBN or benzoyl peroxide, is used the reaction is autocatalytic. This contrasts sharply with normal homogeneous polymerizations in which the rate of polymerization decreases monotonicaHy with time. Studies show that three propagation reactions occur simultaneously to account for the anomalous auto acceleration (17). These are chain growth in the continuous monomer phase chain growth of radicals that have precipitated from solution onto the particle surface and chain growth of radicals within the polymer particles (13,18). [Pg.278]

Two secondary propagating reactions often accompany the initial peroxide decomposition radical-induced decompositions and -scission reactions. Both reactions affect the reactivity and efficiency of the initiation process. Peroxydicarbonates and hydroperoxides are particularly susceptible to radical-induced decompositions. In radical-induced decomposition, a radical in the system reacts with undecomposed peroxide, eg ... [Pg.221]

The other secondary propagation reaction that occurs during initiation is -scission as shown in equations 20 and 21 ... [Pg.222]

As the quinone stabilizer is consumed, the peroxy radicals initiate the addition chain propagation reactions through the formation of styryl radicals. In dilute solutions, the reaction between styrene and fumarate ester foUows an alternating sequence. However, in concentrated resin solutions, the alternating addition reaction is impeded at the onset of the physical gel. The Hquid resin forms an intractable gel when only 2% of the fumarate unsaturation is cross-linked with styrene. The gel is initiated through small micelles (12) that form the nuclei for the expansion of the cross-linked network. [Pg.317]

If the initiation reaction is much faster than the propagation reaction, then all chains start to grow at the same time. Because there is no inherent termination step, the statistical distribution of chain lengths is very narrow. The average molecular weight is calculated from the mole ratio of monomer-to-initiator sites. Chain termination is usually accompHshed by adding proton donors, eg, water or alcohols, or electrophiles such as carbon dioxide. [Pg.517]

Propagation. Propagation reactions (eqs. 5 and 6) can be repeated many times before termination by conversion of an alkyl or peroxy radical to a nonradical species (7). Homolytic decomposition of hydroperoxides produced by propagation reactions increases the rate of initiation by the production of radicals. [Pg.223]

Termination. The conversion of peroxy and alkyl radicals to nonradical species terminates the propagation reactions, thus decreasing the kinetic chain length. Termination reactions (eqs. 7 and 8) are significant when the oxygen concentration is very low, as in polymers with thick cross-sections where the oxidation rate is controlled by the diffusion of oxygen, or in a closed extmder. The combination of alkyl radicals (eq. 7) leads to cross-linking, which causes an undesirable increase in melt viscosity. [Pg.223]

Radical Scavengers Hydrogen-donating antioxidants (AH), such as hindered phenols and secondary aromatic amines, inhibit oxidation by competing with the organic substrate (RH) for peroxy radicals. This shortens the kinetic chain length of the propagation reactions. [Pg.223]

As shown, ia the case of chlotination of aEyl chloride, the resonance states of the chloroaEyl radical iatermediates are not symmetrical and their propagation reactions lead to the two different dichloropropene isomers ia an approximate 10 90 ratio (26). In addition, similar reactions result ia further substitution and addition with products such as trichloropropanes, trichloropropenes, tetrachloropropanes, etc ia diminisbing amounts. Propylene dimerization products such as 1,5-hexadiene, benzene, 1-chloropropane, 2-chloropropane, high boiling tars, and coke are also produced ia smaE amounts. [Pg.33]

The kinetics of copolymerisation are rather complex since four propagation reactions can take place if two monomers are present... [Pg.33]

Such a radical will then react with a hydrocarbon by the following propagation reaction... [Pg.135]

In addition, other additives may exist which react with R and RO2, introducing new propagation reactions which lead to a slower chain reaction. Such materials would be referred to as oxidation retarders. [Pg.135]

Some inorganic fillers are used as flame retardants in rubber base formulations. Flame retardants act in two ways (1) limiting or reducing access of oxygen to the combustion zone (2) reacting with free radicals (especially HO ), thus acting as terminator for combustion-propagation reaction. The additives most widely used as flame retardants for polymers are antimony oxides and alumina trihydrate. [Pg.637]

The propagation reactions use a methyl radical and generate another. There is no net consumption, and a single initiation reaction can result in an indefinite number of propagation reactions. [Pg.19]

Model based on the variation of the number of active" coordination sites at the catalyst surface. The growth of tubules during the decomposition of acetylene can be explained in three steps, which are the decomposition of acetylene, the initiation reaction and the propagation reaction. This is illustrated in Fig. 14 by the model of a (5,5) tubule growing on a catalyst particle ... [Pg.97]

We shall now attempt to explain, from the chemical bond point of view, the propagation reaction at the basis of tubule growth. A growth mechanism for the (5n,5n) tubule, the (9 ,0) tubule and the (9tt,0)-(5tt,5tt) knee, which are the three fundamental tubule building blocks, is also suggested. [Pg.97]

Flanumbility limits (or explosion limits) for a flammable gas define tlie concentration range of a gas-air ini. ture witliin wliich an ignition source can start a self-propagating reaction. Tlie minimmn and maximmn fuel concentrations in air tliat will produce a self-sustaining reaction mider given conditions are called tlie lower Jlammability limit (LFL) and tlie upper Jlammability limit (UFL). (The abbreviations LEL and UEL, for lower and upper explosivity limits, are sometimes used.) The flanunability limits are functions of... [Pg.205]


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Catalytic Mechanisms propagation reactions

Chain reactions propagating

Chain-propagation reactions

Constant of propagation reaction

Cross-propagation reaction

Cyclization reactions propagation

Diffusion controlled propagation reactions

Electron reactions, chain propagating

Energetics of propagation reactions

Evidence for polarity effects in propagation reactions

Flame propagation reaction stoichiometry

Free radical polymerization propagation reactions

Front Propagation 4 Reaction-Diffusion Fronts

Front Propagation in Persistent Random Walks with Reactions

Front Propagation in the Reaction-Telegraph Equation

Hydrocarbon chain-propagation reactions

Intramolecular reactions radical propagation

Lipid peroxidation propagation reactions

Nuclear chain reactions self-propagating

Polymerization propagation reaction enthalpy

Propagating Reactions

Propagating radicals per reaction

Propagating reaction-diffusion fronts

Propagating reactions, kinetics

Propagation free radical reactions

Propagation mechanism, transformation reactions

Propagation of a chain reaction

Propagation of chain reactions

Propagation reaction 3-propiolactone

Propagation reaction X RH — XH

Propagation reaction activation energy

Propagation reaction polarity effect

Propagation reaction step

Propagation reaction, polyamides

Propagation reactions Limiting monomer conversion

Propagation reactions addition

Propagation reactions alkenes

Propagation reactions anionic

Propagation reactions atom transfer

Propagation reactions cationic

Propagation reactions group transfer

Propagation reactions ionic polymerizations

Propagation reactions kinetics

Propagation reactions rate constants

Propagation reactions reaction

Propagation reactions, autoxidation

Propagation reactions, autoxidation linoleic acid

Propagation reactions, definition

Propagation step in chain reactions

Propagation step, radical chain reaction

Propagation steps, chain reactions

Propagation velocity reaction front

Propagation, of radical reactions

Propagation, polymerization reactions

Radical chain reaction propagation

Radical reaction propagation steps

Radical reactions propagation

Reaction chemistry, flame propagation

Reaction-Biased Random Walks. Propagation Failure

Reaction-Transport Fronts Propagating into Unstable States

SRN1 reaction propagation

Self-propagating chain reaction

Self-propagating combustion reactions

Self-propagating high-temperature reactions

Self-propagating reaction

Sound propagation, chemical reaction

Stable free radical polymerization propagation reactions

Steric, Polar, and Resonance Effects in the Propagation Reaction

The propagation reaction

Waves Propagating Reaction-Diffusion Fronts

Ziegler-Natta catalysts propagation reactions

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