Batteries concept

Newer batteries can be divided into small rechargeable batteries for consumer electronics, cell-phones and laptop computers primarily, and larger advanced storage systems. The field of research on battery concepts and materials has recently... 

We had no good way to predict if they would be liquid, but we were lucky that many were. The class of cations that were the most attractive candidates was that of the dialkylimidazolium salts, and our particular favorite was l-ethyl-3-methylimid-azolium [EMIM]. [EMIMJCl mixed with AICI3 made ionic liquids with melting temperatures below room temperature over a wide range of compositions [8]. We determined chemical and physical properties once again, and demonstrated some new battery concepts based on this well behaved new electrolyte. We and others also tried some organic reactions, such as Eriedel-Crafts chemistry, and found the ionic liquids to be excellent both as solvents and as catalysts [9]. It appeared to act like acetonitrile, except that is was totally ionic and nonvolatile. 

Aluminum is directly applied in its metallic form when it serves as battery anode. The battery concepts considered are in general single-use types (primary batteries). The most developed systems belong to the metal-air batteries, using the reduction of atmospheric oxygen as the cathode reaction, e.g., (-) A1 / KOH / 02 (+) or (-) A1 / seawater / 02 (+). The main discharge reactions are ... 

As well-known, Mn02 finds wide-spread applications in the classical Leclanche cell in which, put simply, Zn is oxidized to ZnO by Mn02. Zn is a cheap anode material which is also employed in the Zn-air battery.7 This intriguing battery concept represents a primary battery but exhibits similarities with a fuel cell.63 64 69 Table 6 gives an overview on zinc-based primary elements. 

The first large-scale commercial lithium battery was built in the 1980s by Sony. It employed graphite as the negative electrode and LiCoCU as the positive electrode (see Figure 3.5.6). This is still the prevailing battery concept, especially in consumer electronics. 

Franco AA (2013) Multiscale modeling and numerical simulation of rechargeable lithium ion batteries concepts, methods and challenges. RSC Adv 3(32) 13027-13058... 

Another interesting application of the lithium-ion battery concept has been applied to the Sn02/LiNio gCog 2O2 electrodic couple [92]. Convertible oxides, and tin oxide in particular, first proposed as alternative anode materials by the Japanese Fuji Photo Film Company [93, 94], are presently the object of considerable attention in the lithium-ion battery community [95-98]. When negatively polarised in a lithium cell, tin oxide first undergoes an irreversible reaction shown in Equation 7.10. 

OEMS has been used extensively for the study of gases formed during either the rednctive or oxidative decomposition of battery electrolytes on electrode surfaces, as well as the dependence of their formation rates on the electrochemical potential. The resnlts have been nsed to identify reaction mechanisms that lead to a better nnderstanding of decomposition layers in various electrode materials [80-87], as well as modifications that alleviate or snppress undesired processes [88-95]. This analytical techniqne has been recently nsed to detect the efficiency of oxygen reduction and evolntion reactions in nonaqneons solvents [96,97], which is of interest in the assessment of the viability of the Li/air battery concept. By leveraging the sensitivity to isotopes of MS, it was possible to trace gas formation back to either electrolyte decomposition or oxygen electrochemical reactions [98,99]. 

In more detailed out-sets, the computational setup can either aim at finding the indinsic stability of a certain species, no influence from the other components of the electrolyte, or it can be directed towards explaining the exact failure for a very special chemistry. This is a strong current strategy development as it also has implications for what battery chemistry or even battery concept the electrolyte components are and should be aiming at. 

This chapter describes specific satellite applications and different cells and battery concepts and designs proposed by the different suppliers. The associated qualification requirements are also discussed in order to demonstrate the specificity of the space use. 

The golden age of batteries, and Indeed electrochemistry/started with Volta s experiments, and by the end of the 19th century tremendous progress had been made. Table I, shows the main milestones In the progress of battery evolution, and essentially by the end of the 19th century most of the rechargeable battery landmarks had been reached. These Includes the dry cells, the lead acid battery(, , the nickel cadmium battery(6, elements of the fuel cell CD and metal air batteries(8), nickel Iron (6,9) and even the nickel zinc ( ) battery concept. Progress has been slow ever since. 

The Sodium/sulphur battery concept dates from 1966, en Ford s initial patents were filed. Since then, it is estimated that over 500 million has been spent on the development of this battery, of which 250 million has been spent by one group alone (DOE, personal communication). 

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