Consolidation, defined

Most outages are comprised of multiple wish lists that are generated by operations, plant engineering and maintenance. In most cases, these lists contain poorly defined tasks with little or no attempt to prioritize them. These lists must be consolidated, prioritized and a universally acceptable scope of work defined. The steps required to create this scope of work include ... 

Pourbaix has evaluated all possible equilibria between a metal M and HjO (see Table 1.7) and has consolidated the data into a single potential-pH diagram, which provides a pictorial summary of the anions and cations (nature and activity) and solid oxides (hydroxides, hydrated oxides and oxides) that are at equilibrium at any given pH and potential a similar approach has been adopted for certain M-H2O-X systems where A" is a non-metal, e.g. Cr, CN , CO, SOj , POj", etc. at a defined concentration. These diagrams give the activities of the metal cations and anions at any specified E and pH, and in order to define corrosion in terms of an equilibrium activity, Pourbaix has selected the arbitrary value of 10 ° g ion/1, i.e. corrosion of a metal is defined in terms of the pH and potential that give an equilibrium activity of metal cations or anions > 10 g ion/1 conversely, passivity and immunity are defined in terms of an equilibrium activity of < 10 g ion/1. (Note that g ion/1 is used here because this is the unit used by Pourbaix in the S.I, the relative activity is dimensionless.)... 

Pneumonia is inflammation of the lung with consolidation. The cause of the inflammation is infection, which can result from a wide range of organisms. There are five classifications of pneumonia community-acquired, aspiration, hospital-acquired, ventilator-associated, and health care-associated. Patients who develop pneumonia in the outpatient setting and have not been in any health care facilities, which include wound care and hemodialysis clinics, have community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). Aspiration is of either oropharyngeal or gastrointestinal contents. Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) is defined as pneumonia that occurs 48 hours or more after admission.1,2 Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) requires endotracheal intubation for at least 48 to 72 hours before the onset of... 

In the FDA s Guidance for Industry E6 Good Clinical Practice Consolidated Guidance, an adverse event is defined as follows ... 

The tools used for the experiments described below have been described in several books and review articles (1-3). Surface structure is determined by low energy electron diffraction (LEED), surface composition by Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), and reaction kinetics and mechanism by temperature programmed reaction spectroscopy (TPRS). Standard ultra-high vacuum technology is used to maintain the surface in a well-defined state. As this article is a consolidation of previously published work, details of the experiments are not discussed here. 

Certain factors must, however, be considered in choosing the appropriate analytical solution unconsolidated vs. consolidated conditions, fully vs. partially penetrating wells, variable discharge rules, delayed yield, and aquifer boundaries. Most methods are best suited for unconsolidated aquifers with well-defined overlying and underlying boundaries, whereas with consolidated aquifers, the effective aquifer thickness is uncertain. A pumping well that fully penetrates a confined aquifer (i.e.,... 

The lateral stress ratio Is defined for particle systems that are consolidated under pressure, and thus the particles are essentially locked In place and unable to move relative to the neighboring particles. This type of consolidation occurs In the later... 

Thus, the impressive size of BASF s Fine Chemical Division is due to a BASF-specific definition of the term fine chemicals. In fact, the division, which is part of the business segment Agricultural Products Nutrition produces large volume aroma chemicals (a.o. 40,000 metric tons/year of citral) and vitamins (A, B2, C and E), as well as several lines of specialty chemicals (a.o. excipients and personal care products). Fine chemicals as defined in Section 1.1 account for about 150 million ( 190 million) in 2006, after full consolidation of the Swiss Fine Chemical company Orgamol, acquired in 2005. BASF holds a leading position in ibuprofen (made in USA), coffein and pseudoephedrin (made in Germany). BASF forecasts a further increase to 500 million ( 625 million) within 10 years which should make it the third largest fine-chemical company. 

Let us consider two hypothetical phases in our composite, A and B, without specifying their physical state. They conld be a polymer melt and a glass fiber reinforcement during melt infiltration processing, a metal powder and ceramic powder that are being snbjected to consolidation at elevated temperatnre and pressure, or two immiscible polymer melts that will be co-extruded and solidified into a two-phase, three-dimensional object. In any case, the surface that forms between the two phases is designated AB, and their individual surfaces that are exposed to their own vapor, air, or inert gas (we make no distinction here) are labeled either A or B. The following three processes are defined as these surfaces interact and form ... 

Most authors who have studied the consolidation process of solids in compression use the basic model of a porous medium having point contacts which yield a general equation of the mass-and-momentum balances. This must be supplemented by a model describing filtration and deformation properties. Probably the best model to date (ca 1996) uses two parameters to define characteristic behavior of suspensions (9). This model can be potentially applied to sedimentation, thickening, cake filtration, and expression. 

It is in this state-averse world that my case studies are situated. Before embarking on them, however, I have some further Southeast Asian distinctions to make in the following chapter. This first discusses five particular markers which have served to consolidate and define identity in modern times. They have been the building blocks of the three types of nationalism, always present but assembled differently in each case. The chapter then makes a four-part distinction of the ways in which colonialism affected Southeast Asian political identities. 

There are three definitions needed to accurately describe this process. (1) Compaction is the compression and consolidation of a two-phase (particulate solid/gas) system by the application of an external force (2) compression causes an increase in the apparent density (or a reduction in volume) by the displacement of air and (3) consolidation is defined as an increase in mechanical strength due to particle-particle interaction [1,2]. 

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