Conscious control

Autonomic nervous system. The portion of the nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord that is responsible for monitoring and controlling the digestive system, cardiovascular system, and other organs that are not under direct conscious control. 

Some 00 analysis and design tools automatically infer dependencies when you use a class from one package within another package. We prefer to state imports explicitly You should use the contents of a package only if you explicitly have decided to use it. This policy ensures that we keep conscious control of the coupling between packages. 

Skeletal muscle, also known as striated muscle because of the microscopic appearance, is responsible for locomotion and those fine, voluntary movements of the body which are under conscious control. Smooth muscle exerts automatic, involuntary... 

Neural innervation Conscious control via spinal Intrinsic pacemaker activity Intrinsic activity with diffuse... 

Skeletal muscle is under conscious control. Each fibre is an enormous, multi-nucleate cell, formed by fusing hundreds of myoblasts end-to-end. They show a striated pattern, reflecting the regular arrangement of sarcomeres within each cell. 

Cardiac muscle is similar to skeletal muscle, but is not under conscious control. These mono-nucleate cells are much smaller, but still show a striated pattern. The cells are in electrical contact through communicating gap junctions. These are important for the orderly spread of excitation through the heart. Spontaneous electrical depolarization of the specialized pacemaker cells together with conducting fibres activate the bulk of the ventricular muscle in the chamber walls, in each case through direct electrical contacts. 

Forming part of the peripheral nervous system is the autonomic nervous system which controls the glands and non-skeletal muscles that are not under conscious control. This control is provided by two parts of this system the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions which, in general, bring about antagonistic responses. 

The kind of factors that might come into play - needs, preferences, perceptions, emotions - and divert us from being as effective as we might have been, were discussed in Chapter 2. It is not always easy to be fully conscious of all the nuances of our motives. Nevertheless, some self-reflection, coupled with awareness of the more common forms of distorted managerial behaviour, can be a first step to bringing our surreptitious agenda under conscious control. 

One way to manage your psychology is by consciously controlling and directing the various inner forces that you sense are driving you. The other way is to remove the driving force - let go of it. 

The nervous system is conventionally divided into the central nervous system (CNS the brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS neuronal tissues outside the CNS). The motor (efferent) portion of the nervous system can be divided into two major subdivisions autonomic and somatic. The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is largely independent (autonomous) in that its activities are not under direct conscious control. It is concerned primarily with visceral functions such as cardiac output, blood flow to various organs, and digestion, which are necessary for life. The somatic subdivision is largely concerned with consciously controlled functions such as movement, respiration, and posture. Both systems have important afferent (sensory) inputs that provide information regarding the internal and external environments and modify motor output through reflex arcs of varying size and complexity. 

These normative expectations create a paradox. The emotions are largely outside our conscious control. There does not seem to be much point in social norms enjoining people to have or not to have certain emotions if they have no choice in the matter. Yet there is some room for choice even here. To some extent, we can call up emotions at will, by imagining situations in which they occur spontaneously or by simulating their expression. Also, in many cases all that is required is a reasonably credible simulation. To conform with the social norms regulating funerals, it is not necessary to make people believe that you are actually mourning—it is enough to put your face in the appropriately serious folds. 

Neurons in different regions of the gray matter can connect with each other, forming spinal reflex arcs between sensory nerves bringing together noxious stimuli and motor nerves controlling avoidance responses. The behavioral consequences of such spinal reflexes are familiar in everyday life the eye blinks as an object approaches, the hand is withdrawn from a hot plate, both without conscious control. 

Conscious control over aspects of bodily functioning long... 

Narcolepsy is a rare condition in which people literally fall asleep, quite suddenly, with no conscious control. This may occur only once or twice a day, but may occur up to 100 times a day. Low doses of methamphetamine or amphetamine are given to these patients on a very controlled basis to help keep the multiple episodes of sleeping under reasonable control. 

Availability, ease of handling, and the combination of oxidation and reduction properties have all determined many of the traditional applications of hydrogen peroxide. Detailed investigation of the chemical properties of H202 also allows us to plumb the depths of the reaction mechanisms that proceed with its participation in order to consciously control their rate and direction. These studies may be applied as the basis for new chemical technological processes for the production of valuable chemical substances from readily available inexpensive raw materials. 

Kinetic models of reactions reproduce well the experimental results and, consequently, allow conscious control over rates and directions of the reactions studied. 

The first reason is the cultural one. Humankind is passing into a new era, one in which it can consciously control the species living on the planet. Thus, every scientist should know at least the building blocks that will be used in the genetic engineering of the twenty-first century. 

Functional The somatic nervous system is responsible for coordinating voluntary body movements (i.e. activities that are under conscious control). The autonomic nervous system is responsible for coordinating involuntary functions, such as breathing and digestion. 

Cardiac muscle is similar to skeletal muscle, but is not under conscious control. Its mono-nucleate cells are much smaller, but still show a striated pattern. 

Muscles can be divided into two classes, the voluntary or skeletal muscles and the involuntary or smooth muscles. The heart muscle, the myocardium, is a unique type of muscle that does not fit into either category. Skeletal muscles are those that are under voluntary control. The muscles that move the arms, that move the legs when you walk or run, or those that are involved in chewing are all skeletal muscles. They come into play only when you will them. Smooth muscles are those that are not under conscious control. The muscles in the digestive organs are smooth muscles. 

Skeletal muscle— Also called voluntary or striated muscle, it is a muscle under conscious control by the individual. Striated muscles flex or extend the leg or arm, curl the fingers, move the jaw during chewing, and so forth. 

Conscious control over aspects of bodily functioning long considered to be automatic, not susceptible to voluntary control, is now a major research area under the rubric of biofeedback. The interested reader can find the most important researches reprinted each year in Biofeedback and Self-Control, an annual published by Aldine Publishing Company, Chicago, (back)... 

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