Connection disciplines

To our knowledge, the results presented in this chapter provide the first example of enantioselective Lewis-acid catalysis of an organic reaction in water. This discovery opens the possibility of employing the knowledge and techniques from aqueous coordination chemistry in enantioselective catalysis. This work represents an interface of two disciplines hitherto not strongly connected. 

FRESHMAN CHEMISTRY is arguably an important course, one that needs to be viewed as a contribution beyond a service level. It affords the opportunity to make the case, to many students of varied disciplines, of why chemistry is the central science and is responsible for virtually all of the high-tech developments they encounter or read about. The course should be a vehicle to attract more students to chemistry. More importantly, it should instill greater respect for and appreciation of chemistry by students who will not necessarily specialize in it. In our view, this function is particularly important for engineering students, as they will frequently use the basic ideas in freshman chemistry in their professional lives, yet they often wonder where the connection is while they are exposed to these ideas in the classroom. 

The new organization, photographs, and chapter headings will stream-line the connection with a range of general chemistry textbooks and courses. For the general reader, however, our intention is still to demonstrate the wide scope and significance of chemistry and the ever-present connection of the discipline to our daily lives. 

Nevertheless, at its very fundamental core, there is a very deep and close connection between the two disciplines. How could it be otherwise Chemometric concepts and techniques are based on principles that were formulated by mathematicians hundreds of years ago, even before the label Statistics was applied to the subfield of Mathematics that deals with the behavior and effect of random numbers on data. Nevertheless, recognition of Statistics as a distinct subdiscipline of Mathematics also goes back a long way, certainly long before the term Chemometrics was coined to describe a subfield of that subfield. 

Intermetallic science has a long and interesting history. Several interrelated topics can be considered within this subject, both from a basic viewpoint and with a view to their potential for future applications. These topics are closely connected with, or even part of, other disciplines such as physics, chemistry, metallurgy, materials science and technology, engineering. 

The experimental methods of determining phase diagrams will be only briefly commented upon, in order to give an idea of the problems involved and of the connection between phase diagram science and other disciplines. A few special points will be considered in Chapter 6, dedicated to the preparation of intermetallics. 

The area interconnects several scientific disciplines (agriculture, biochemistry, chemistry, technology, environmental sciences, forestry, etc.), which makes it very difficult to have an expert view on the complicated interaction. Therefore, the idea of creating a series of scientific books, focusing on specific topics concerning renewable resources, has been very opportune and can help to clarify some of the underlying connections in this area. 

Measurements of corrosion rates and other parameters connected with corrosion processes are important, first as indicators of the corrosion resistance of metallic materials and second because such measurements are based on general and fundamental physical, chemical, and electrochemical relations. Hence improvements and innovations in methods applied in corrosion research are likely to benefit basic disciplines as well. A method for corrosion measurements can only provide reliable data if the background of the method is fully understood. Failure of a method to give correct data indicates a need to revise assumptions regarding the basis of the method, which sometimes leads to the discovery of as-yet unnoticed phenomena. 

Corporate support for Incubators Work was not withdrawn as the technology bubble burst, because Incubators Work as a collective entity reliably produced outputs such as education, social connections, and role models. This left individual entities such as Tunity Technologies, Vientity, and Scalable Systems free to search for viable niches, disciplined by the need to win external sources of funding. 

In any environmental management plan, it is essential to understand the pertinent quality criteria and their relationship to the variables that can be manipulated directly. The construction of mathematical models imposes the requirement of a logical framework that connects causes and effects, identifies all pertinent variables, and defines their interrelationships. Even if a particular technique never becomes practical, the discipline imposed by the logical structure is valuable in highlighting important relationships. 

Rheumatic disease is defined as disease of connective tissue and medical disorders of the musculoskeletal system . The medical discipline concerned with these diseases is referred to as rheumatology. The majority of rheumatic diseases are soft tissue rheumatism and nonspecific low back pain (LBP), autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic diseases, osteoarthritis (OA), osteoporosis, crystal-deposition disease and infectious arthritis. 

Context-rich materials (72) embed specific principles drawn from a curriculum into a web of related information. These materials open up for students the who, what, when, where, and why of a concept. The best context-rich materials will offer concrete examples, feature connectivity between disciplines, introduce methodology, and acknowledge the impact... 

Finally, it is clear that much more research needs to be performed to connect the disciplines of colloid science and nutrition, especially in the application areas of functional foods and delivery systems. The combination of information from both in vitro and in vivo studies is evidently required in order to be able to understand properly the complex physicochemical processes that can occur during the digestion of food colloids. Our ultimate objective must be to make use of this knowledge to produce effective strategies for the formulation of a healthier diet with optimized bioavailability of the most desirable ingredients. 

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