Conductive Polymers electrical property

D.H. Kim, S.M. Richardson-Bums, J.L. Hendricks, C. Sequera, and D.C. Martin, Effect of immobilized nerve growth factor on conductive polymers Electrical properties and cellular response, Adv. Fund. Mater., 17(1), 1-8 (2006). 

Kim DH, Sequerah C, Hendricks JL et al (2007) Effect of immobilized nerve growth factor (NGF) on conductive polymers electrical properties and cellular response. Adv Fund Mater 17 79-86... 

Epstein AJ, "Conducting Polymers Electrical Conductivity", in Mark JE (Ed), "Physical Properties of Polymers Handbook", Springer-Verlag, 2nd Ed, 2007, Chap. 46. 

It is known that the catalyst layer is far from uniform, especially in the case of a gradient catalyst layer. Thus, profiling properties, such as conductivity, in the catalyst layer are important. Both an electronic conductor (carbon) and an ionic conductor (Nafion ) exist in the catalyst layer, which can be considered a conductive polymer. The conductive polymer electric circuit model has been applied to the catalyst layer, and an ionic conductivity profile was obtained [8], as shown in Figure 4.33. 

Epstein, A.J. 2006. Conducting polymers electrical conductivity. In Physical properties of polymers handbook, ed. J.E. Mark. Berlin Springer-Verlag, chap. 46. 

Electrically conductive or electroactive fibers are commonly used in protective cloth, filters, and smart and interactive textiles, which could be used in electrical, medical, sports, energy, and military applications. Conductive fibers, especially for commonly used synthetic fiber, can be prepared in core—sheath bicomponent fiber, adding conductive additives in the core part. Functional additives include carbon black, multi-waUed carbon nanotubes, grapheme, ZnO, silver, and conductive polymers [52]. Properties of some conductive libers are listed in Table 2.38. 

In addition, a variety of polymer composites with unique conductive and electric properties have been developed for skeletal muscle regeneration by combining polymers with metal nanoparticles (McKeon-Fischer and Freeman, 2011) and carbon nanombes (McKeon-Fischer et al., 2014). For example, McKeon-Fischer et al. (2011) has developed an electrospun scaffold through the combination of PCL with MWCNTs and a hydrogel consisting of polyvinyl alcohol and polyacrylic acid as a potential nanoactuator for skeletal muscle engineering. 

Keywords Conducting polymer Nanocomposites Conductive network Electrical properties... 

In the present paper, moreover, in order to clarify also electrical properties of elastomeric conductive polymer, electrical conduction was determined for different content of dispersed conductive particle based on the previous investigation.It was shown that for large particle content, current flows through particles which contact each other and for small particle content, the current passes through the gap between particles by Schottky effect. Therefore, in order to obtain low resistivity, conductive particles should contact each other. 

This article addresses the synthesis, properties, and appHcations of redox dopable electronically conducting polymers and presents an overview of the field, drawing on specific examples to illustrate general concepts. There have been a number of excellent review articles (1—13). Metal particle-filled polymers, where electrical conductivity is the result of percolation of conducting filler particles in an insulating matrix (14) and ionically conducting polymers, where charge-transport is the result of the motion of ions and is thus a problem of mass transport (15), are not discussed. 

Many of the apphcations of conductive polymers utilize theh unique properties and advantages over other material systems, for example low density and controUable electrical properties. The foUowing examples demonstrate the versatility of conducting polymers in technology. 

Chemical and Biochemical Sensors. The sensitivity of the electrical properties of conductive polymers to chemical stimuli suggests they may prove useful in a number of sensing applications. 

By the time the next overview of electrical properties of polymers was published (Blythe 1979), besides a detailed treatment of dielectric properties it included a chapter on conduction, both ionic and electronic. To take ionic conduction first, ion-exchange membranes as separation tools for electrolytes go back a long way historically, to the beginning of the twentieth century a polymeric membrane semipermeable to ions was first used in 1950 for the desalination of water (Jusa and McRae 1950). This kind of membrane is surveyed in detail by Strathmann (1994). Much more recently, highly developed polymeric membranes began to be used as electrolytes for experimental rechargeable batteries and, with particular success, for fuel cells. This important use is further discussed in Chapter 11. 

We conclude that the preparation of the samples of the polymer composites with the corresponding electrical properties in the form, say, of the plates, bars, hollow cylinders, etc., that are usually used for the purpose of research in the laboratories, and of real articles should be considered as two interrelated problems. This is important and should be stressed, as the values of the conductivity and other parameters obtained for the simple forms might prove different for the forms that may be used as constructional elements. Therefore, these circumstances should be taken into account at the design stage of a conducting composite as well as the optimum technological techniques of molding of practically important articles. 

The results of the above section show that the significant nonuniformity of the distribution of the filler particles in the thickness of sample is observed during injection moulding of the filled polymers. This nonuniformity must affect the electrical properties of CCM owing to the strong dependence of the CCM conductivity on the filler concentration. Although there are no direct comparisons of the concentration profiles and conductivity in the publications, there is data on the distribution of conductivity over the cross-section of the moulded samples. 

Chain length is another factor closely related to the structural characterization of conducting polymers. The importance of this parameter lies in its considerable influence on the electric as well as the electrochemical properties of conducting polymers. However, the molecular weight techniques normally used in polymer chemistry cannot be employed on account of the extreme insolubility of the materials. A comparison between spectroscopic findings (XPS, UPS, EES) for PPy and model calculations has led some researchers to conclude that 10 is the minimum number of monomeric units in a PPy chain, with the maximum within one order of magnitude n9- 27,i28) mechanical qualities of the electropolymerized films,... 

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