Rubber, conducting

Norman RH (1970) Conductive rubbers and plastics, Appl. Sci. Pub., Essex, England... 

An electric conductive rubber base containing carbon black is laminated with an electric conductive cover layer of phosphoric acid ester plasticizer and other ionic surfactants to prepare antistatic mats, where the covers have colors other than black. It is also reported that alkyl acid phosphates act as color stabilizer for rubber. Small amounts of phosphate esters are helpful in restoring reclaimed rubber to a workable viscosity [284,290]. Esters of phosphoric acid are used in the production of UV-stable and flame-retarded alkylbenzenesulfonate copolymer compositions containing aliphatic resins and showing a high-impact strength... 

Jana, P.B., Mallick, A.K., and De, S.K., Electrically conductive rubber and plastic composites with carbon particles or conductive fibres, in Short Fiber-Polymer Composites, De, S.K. and White, J.R. (Eds.), Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge, 1996, Chapter 7. 

Rubber so compounded as to produce a vulcanisate having an electrical resistivity of about 107 to 109 ohm-cm. See Conductive Rubber. 

Rubber which is deliberately rendered electrically conductive by the inclusion in the unvulcanised mix of certain types of carbon black. Conductive rubber for use in, e.g., aircraft tyres has a resistivity below about 105 to 107 ohm-cm. The changeover from the use of channel blacks to oil-based furnace blacks has conferred a degree of conductivity (sometimes unwanted) on many black rubber products, and it should no longer be assumed that any black rubber is a good electrical insulator. See Antistatic Rubber. 

Electrically conductive rubber, 20 247 Electrically conductive resins, 7 7 840 Electrically stimulated drug delivery systems, 9 59-61, 81 Electrical mineral size reduction, 76 613 Electrical Patents Index (EPI), 18 222 Electrical properties... 

N. Prost, Conductive Rubber Compounds—Compounding with Extra-Conductive Carbon Black, Phillips Petroleum Chemicals Bulletin, June 1985. 

R. R. Juengel, Carbon Black Selection for Conductive Rubber Compounds, Paper No. 78, Rubber Division, ACS Meeting, Los Angeles, Calif., Apr. 1985. 

Resistance or resistivity is by far the property most often measured. For anti-static and conductive rubbers, only resistivity and surface charge, measurements are useful because such rubbers would not be used in situations requiring low dielectric loss or involving high voltages. 

ISO 2878, 2005. Anti-static and conductive rubber products - Determination of electrical... 

Conductive Rubber, The history of conductive rubber dates back to 1882, when graphite was proposed as a conductor in rubber. Since that time considerable work has been done by various investigators in developing conducting rubber, both natural synthetic. The electricall resistivity of such rubbers may be as low as 100 ohm-cm. A recent technique of incorporating the black (acetylene black) into a rubber solution or cement has been shown to produce rubbers of very high conductivity, having resistivities as low as 1 ohm-cm (Ref 2)... 

Conductive rubber finds applications in ordnance for making the soles of shoes, conduc-... 

The US Navy also used conductive rubber blankets over fire control equipment to prevent fogging freezing during cold weather. The elec current carried by the blanket produced enough heat to keep the equipment in operation... 

Personnel should wear shoes with conductive soles and be grounded with the appropriate wrist and ankle straps. In an emergency, a grounded alligator clip fastened to a metallic watch band may be substituted. As a further precaution, materials should, where possible, be stored in metallic or conductive rubber containers in metal cabinets. Nylon garments should not be worn in view of their tendency to accumulate static charges. Fireproof metallized... 

Control of static charge build-up can be aided by the use of conductive rubber gloves, soles, flooring and containers. A well-known brand of conductive rubber products is Velostat... 

Electro-conductive rubber material Because of its great strength and much lower price than such expensive metals as silver and palladium, nano copper or copper-silver double metal powder can be used in the electronics industry to take the place of those expensive metals for the preparation of electro-conductive rubbers [191], electro-conductive slurry, and electrode materials etc. in addition, the copper-silver double metal powder has the characteristic of antibiosis. For such use nano copper or copper-silver powder should be needle-like crystalline the nano copper powders of sphere-like crystalline has very low electro-conductivity. 

It should be noted that, in Mode III the product essentially of needle-like crystalline can be produced under well controlled conditions, as illustrated in Fig. 14.4. In some cases, e.g. for the production of electro-conductive rubber etc, this kind of product may be required. Therefore the feeding mode III is also of practical significance. 

Surface improvement is a very important link between preparation and application of nano materials the specific method employed for the surface improvement is closely related to the occasion where the nano material is to be used. For nano copper powder the main problem is its easy oxidation, i.e., it has no anti-oxidation nature at room temperature. The partial replacement of Cu by Ag to transform the nano copper powder into the Cu-Ag double metal powder is one of the most feasible methods for the surface improvement of nano copper, because the nano Cu-Ag double metal can meet the requirement of anti-oxidation at room temperature also the latter can be used in the preparation of electro-conductive materials and electro-conductive rubbers etc. to replace some expensive metals such as silver and palladium. 

Lu, Qinghua (1997). A study on new type of electro-conductive rubbers. Functional Materials, 28(5) 546-549 (in Chinese). 

Electrical resistivity measurements were determined on samples of 10 x 20 x 0.2 mm3 by measuring their resistance on a high resistance meter (Keithley 6517A) between two conductive rubber electrodes with an alternative voltage of 1 V. This alternative voltage is needed to avoid a background current effect. The measured resistances R were then converted into volume resistivity p by using this equation ... 

Norman, R. (1970) Conductive Rubbers and Plastics, New York, Elsevier. 

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