Compressed gases storage

Storage of hydrogen in compressed gas form is the most common storage form today. Standard cylindrical flasks use pressures of 10-20 MPa, and fuel cell 

Compression may take place at a filling station, receiving hydrogen from a pipeline. The energy requirement depends on the compression method. The work required for isothermal compression at temperature T from pressure P, to Pj is of the form 

Power requirements of portable hydrogen equipment such as cameras, mobile phones or laptop computers currently covered by batteries, typically of lithium ion type, could with a small fuel cell and some 10-20 g of directly or indirectly stored hydrogen prolong operational time by a factor of 5-10. A discussion of such options using direct methanol fuel cells is made in section 4.6. 

For stationary hydrogen storage on a large scale, underground caverns or cavities are an appealing option, often offering storage solutions at a very low cost. Three possibilities of interest are salt dome intrusions, cavities in solid rock formations and aquifer bends. 

Rock cavities (Fig. 2.48b) may be either natural or excavated, with walls properly sealed to ensure air-tightness. If excavated, they are considerably more expensive to make than salt caverns, but the latter only exists in a limited number of locations around the world. 

---

Considering both storage and refueling technologies, the most promising short-term alternative is probably compressed gas storage [53,55]. Prototype hydrogen-powered vehicles... 

Storage areas for hazardous materials, also compressed gas storage and restraint systems... 

Storage at filling stations poses problems of a nature similar to the other stationary stores mentioned above. Current hydrogen filling stations (most of which are part of demonstration programmes, e.g. for fuel cell city buses) mostly use compressed gas storage. 

In addition to the compressor capital and variable costs, each type of compressed gas storage has other costs unique to that storage type. 

Aboveground compressed gas storage assumptions Liquefied hydrogen storage base case assumptions Metal hydride storage base case assumptions Distribution options in H2Sim Truck and rail transport assumptions Ship transport assumptions... 

NFPA 55, 7.9.2.1 NFPA 55, 7.9.6.5 NFPA 55, 7.9.6.6 4.2.11 Indoor compressed gas storage areas that are used to store toxic or highly toxic gases indoors shall be equipped with a continuous monitoring system that would provide warning of toxic gas concentrations that could present a hazard to life. 

For both, complex and chemical hydrides, the current status is a similar dis-illusionment as for metal hydride. So far, no substance from one of the three classes is known, which meets the requirements for an application in a vehicle at least approximately. Nonetheless, numerous especially academic research groups still work intensively on the exploration of hydrides. A justification for applications in vehicles could be a combination of a small metal hydride storage system and a compressed gas storage system. The thermodynamics of the hydride could for example support the fuel cell during freeze start. For further details reference to the comprehensive literature is made [41]. 

Boron trifluoride should be handled in the laboratory using the "basic prudent practices" described in Chapter 5.C, supplemented in the case of work with gaseous boron trifluoride with the procedures of Chapter 5.H. All work with boron trifluoride should be conducted in a fume hood to prevent exposure by inhalation, and splash goggles and impermeable gloves should be worn to prevent eye and skin contact. Cylinders of boron trifluoride should be stored in locations appropriate for compressed gas storage and separated from alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, and other incompatible substances. Solutions of boron trifluoride should be stored in tightly sealed containers under an inert atmosphere in secondary containers. 

The fifth to sixth generation of some concept cars is already under development for FCHVs in hydrogen operation and is produced in processes nearing series production, with a total of nearly 800 units built since 1994. Today, only polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs) are used with operating temperatures between 80 and 95 °C. The preferred storage type is compressed gas storage at 700bar. 

Pressure relief devices for stationary compressed gas storage containers... 

PRESSURE RELIEF DEVICES FOR STATIONARY COMPRESSED GAS STORAGE CONTAINERS... 

This section summarizes the description of pressure relief devices contained in CGA S-1.3, Pressure Relief Device Standards—Part 3— Stationary Storage Containers for Compressed Gases [13]. Included is information on pressure relief devices for use on compressed gas storage containers constructed in accordance with the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) Code or equivalent [11]. 

All four of the following types of pressure relief devices for compressed gas storage contain-... 

---