Carbon isotope compositions

We can conclude that CAM plants do have photorespiration in that glycolate is produced in the light, RudP carboxylase has oxygenase activity, there is a postillumination CO2 burst, and O2 inhibits photosynthesis. Dissimilarities between these photorespiratory features and photorespiration in C3 plants are most likely due to the gas exchange phenomena centered around malate metabolism. 

daigremontiana the occurrence of microbodies, where parts of the photo-respiratory pathway are localized, has been demonstrated by Kapil et al. (1975). 

Osmond et al. (1973) were able to shift the from C4-like values to C3-like values in Kalanchoe sp. by increasing the diurnal temperature fluctuation (K. daigremontiana ) or shifting from long to short photoperiods (K. blossfeldiana). Nal- 

From the studies available in the literature, it has become apparent that the composition of CAM plants is highly variable, and depends highly on the environment. It is thus possible to make some predictions about the environmental conditions during growth of a CAM plant knowing the C isotope composition (see Chap. 6.2.2). 

Deleens et al. (1974) have proposed a tentative model to explain the variable isotope composition of CAM plants when grown in an atmosphere of 5 C= — 7%o. In the case of C3 plants, mean isotopic composition estimates of 

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Leuenberger, M., Siegenthaler, U. and Langway, C.C. 1992 Carbon isotope composition ofatmos-pheric COj from an Antarctic ice core. Nature 357 488-490. 

Schoeninger, M.J. and DeNiro, M.J. 1984 Nitrogen and carbon isotopic composition of bone collagen from marine and terrestrial animals. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 48 625-639. 

Marino, B.D., McElroy, M.B., Salawitch, R. and Spaulding, W.G. 1992 Glacial to interglacial variations in the carbon isotopic composition of atmospheric COi. Nature 357 461 66. 

Macko, S.A., Estep, M.L.F., Hare, PE. and Hoering, T.C. 1983 Stable nitrogen and carbon isotopic composition of individual amino acids isolated from cultured microorganisms. Carnegie Institute of Washington Yearbook 82 404-410. 

This paper will address three subjects a) carbon isotopic composition of bone carbonate b) the possible role of hpid metabolism in determining frae-tionation between bone carbonate and collagen and its apparent trophic signature and c) concepts of routing of carbon isotopes in the body, especially from protein foods to collagen. The discussion will be limited to carbon isotope ratios C C/ C), although we appreciate that N/ N ratios, which are also very useful in determining trophic levels and somces of protein, present similar biochemical problems. 

Figure 11.4. (a) Flow-model scheme for a simple food chain with one predator-prey relationship. See text for discussion, (b) The steps involved whereby atoms from prey collagen (i.e., the diet) may be transferred to a predator s collagen (i.e., the consumer tissue). Each arrow represents a potential change in carbon isotopic composition, complicating the relationship between prey collagen 5 C and predator 5 C. 

Schoeninger, M.J. and DeNiro, M.J. 1984 Nitrogen and carbon isotopic composition of bone collagen from marine and terrestrial animals. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 48 625-639. Schuette, S. A., Hegsted, M., Zemel, B. and Linkswiler, H.M. 1981 Renal acid, urinary cyclic AMP, and hydroxyproline excretion as affected by level of protein, sulfur amino acids and phosphorus intake. Journal of Nutrition 111 2106-2116. 

Recently it has been recognised that the carbon isotope composition of small amounts of plant material may be used to assess differences inpi/pa and W (Farquhar et al., 1982). There are two stable isotopes of carbon, and C, which are in the molar ratio 1 89 in the atmosphere. During assimilation of atmospheric CO2 the plant fixes a smaller ratio... 

Martin, B.J. Thorstenson, Y.R. (1988). Stable carbon isotope composition (6 C), water use efficiency and biomass productivity of Lycopersicon esculen-tum, Lycopersicon pennellii and the Fi hybrid. Plant Physiology 88, 218-23. 

Neales, T.F., Fraser, M.S. Roksandic, Z. (1983). Carbon isotope composition of the halophyte Disphyma clavellatum (Haw.) Chinnock (Aizoaceae), as affected by salinity. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology, 10, 437-44. 

Figure 1.31. Bivariable plot of oxygen versus carbon isotopic compositions of carbonates. Solid circle magnesite open circle dolomite open square calcite A oxygen and carbon isotopic compositions of igneous carbonates B oxygen and carbon isotopic compositions of marine carbonates (Shikazono et al., 1995).

Morishita (1993) showed based on carbon isotopic composition of carbonates that carbon of carbonates in the gold-bearing quartz vein in southern Kyushu was derived from the Shimanto Supergroup shale. Imai et al. (1998) considered that hydrogen in the ore fluids was derived from the Shimanto Supergroup shale based on 5D (—60%o to — 100%c) of inclusion fluids in quartz and adularia of the Hishikari veins. These isotopic... 

Shikazono, N. (1989) Oxygen and carbon isotopic compositions of carbonates from the Neogene epithermal vein-type deposits of Japan Implication for evolution of terrestrial geothermal activity. Chem. Geol, 76, 239-247. 

Grocke D. R. (2002) The carbon isotope composition of ancient CO2 based on higher plant organic matter. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series A Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences 360, 633 658. 

Macko A, Estep MLF (1984) Microbial alteration of stable nitrogen and carbon isotopic compositions of organic matter. Org Geochem 6 787-790... 

In this chapter I explained how isotope ratios may be calculated from equations that are closely related, but not identical, to the equations for the bulk species. Extra terms arise in the isotope equations because isotopic composition is most conveniently expressed in terms of ratios of concentrations. I illustrated the use of these equations in a calculation of the carbon isotopic composition of atmosphere, surface ocean, and deep ocean and in the response of isotope ratios to the combustion of fossil fuels. As an alternative application, I simulated the response of the carbon system in an evaporating lagoon to seasonal changes in biological productivity, temperature, and evaporation rate. With a simulation like the one presented here it is quite easy to explore the effects of various perturbations. Although not done here, it would be easy also to examine the sensitivity of the results to such parameters as water depth and salinity. 

For the following we assume that the atmospheric variations in C02 and in its carbon isotopic composition are entirely due to atmospheric system disturbances, such as the input of 14C-free C02 from fossil C02 production, and deviations from the average rate of 14C production by cosmic radiation. The system dynamics, i.e., the exchange coefficients and the eddy diffusivity are kept constant. We approximate the fossil C02 input p(t) by... 

Rightmire, C. T., Hanshaw, B. B., Relationship between the carbon isotope composition of soil C02 and dissolved carbonate species in qroundwater. Water Resour. Research, 9(4), 958-567 (1973). 

We can predict the oxygen and carbon isotopic compositions of the dolomite produced by this reaction path, using the techniques described in Chapter 19. Figure 25.4 shows the compositions of calcite and dolomite cements in the Lyons, as determined by Levandowski et al. (1973). The calcite and dolomite show broad ranges in oxygen isotopic content. The dolomite, however, spans a much narrower range in carbon isotopic composition than does the calcite. 

Conte MH, Weber JC, Carlson PJ, Flanagan LB (2003) Molecular and carbon isotope composition of leaf waste in vegetation and aerosols in northern prairie ecosystem. Oecologia 135 67-77... 

Farquhar et al. (1982) showed that the carbon isotopic composition of plant material (813CP) as a result of photosynthesis can be expressed empirically as ... 

Figure 8.9 Carbon isotope composition of human bone collagen from the lower Illinois Valley, North America. The increase from <513C = —22%0 to —10%o at c. AD 1000 marks the arrival of maize agriculture at the end of the Late Woodland period (van der Merwe 1982). Reproduced by permission of American Scientist.

Carbon isotope composition of human bone collagen from... 

Fischer G, Wiencke C (1992) Stable carbon isotope composition, depth distribution and fate of macroalgae from the Antarctic Peninsula region. Polar Biol 12 341-348 Foster MS (1992) How important is grazing to seaweed evolution and assemblage structure in the north-east Pacific In John DM, Hawkins SJ, Price JH (eds) Plant-animal interactions in the marine benthos. Clarendon, Oxford, pp 61-85... 

Sofer, Z., 1984, Stable Carbon Isotope Composition of Crude Oils Application to Source Depositional Environments and Petroleum Alternation American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, Vol. 68, pp. 31 49. 

TABLE 4.3 Carbon Isotopic Composition of Selected Carbon-bearing Isotopic Reference Materials (Coplen et al., 2001)... 

Laws, E.A., B.N. Popp, R.R. Bidigare, U. Riesbesell, S. Burkhardt, and S.G. Wakeham. 2001. Controls on the molecular distribution and carbon isotopic composition of alkenones in certain haptophyte algae. Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems January 25, 2001. 

Jendrzejewski N, Eggenkamp HGM, Coleman ML (2001) Characterization of chlorinated hydrocarbons from chlorine and carbon isotopic compositions Scope of application to environmental problems. Appl Geochem 16(9-10) 1021-1031... 

Mozley PS, Bums SJ (1993) Oxygen and carbon isotopic composition of marine carbonate concretions an overview. J Sed Pet 63 73-83... 

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