Complex Culture Systems

3D culture allows formation of microtissne when hepatocytes alone or in combination with NPCs are seeded in specialized matrices. Examples of this type of cnltnre system 

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Mileti E, Matteoli G, Iliev ID, Rescigno M. Comparison of the immunomodulatory properties of three probiotic strains of Lactobacilli using complex culture systems prediction for in vivo efficacy. PLoS One. 2009 4(9) e7056. 

Through the years, several species of nuts have been improved by selection and breeding, and subjected to complex cultural systems. Today, most marketed nuts come from cultivated nut trees. But Brazil nuts are still produced only by wild trees, and wild trees contribute to the production of many other species, such as the pecan and filbert. 

Continuous processes have lower labor costs but have higher failure risk. Batch processes can be started back up in a shorter period of time than can a complex continuous process. Batch processes are easier to take through the regulatory process than are continuous processes. Thus batch processes are often chosen for mammalian ceU culture systems, even though continuous processes can offer significant cost advantages. CeU culture costs constitute only a smaU (10—30%) fraction of the overaU cost of making a product. 

Fibroblast locomotion has been studied in tissue culture systems and is unexpectedly complex. Initially when fibroblasts are plated, they are rounded and... 

Less complex test systems, including nonmammalian and in vitro cultures, are recommended only for pre-screening or secondary studies to elucidate mechanisms. A useful statement for use with lACUC committees comes from this section, as follows In short, there are no alternative test systems to whole animals currently available for reproduction toxicity testing with the aims set out in the introduction. ... 

The boundaries drawn between British and Dutch spheres in what the British called the Malay World were arbitrary. The peoples and histories in the space that came to be Malaysia were not fundamentally different from those that came to be Indonesia save for their more recent, immigrant quality. Indonesia had by far the more intractable assemblage of ethnies rooted in distinctive histories, languages and literatures. Yet it is Malaysia that has the complex federal system, while Indonesia remains, with China, the world s largest experiment in organising exceptional cultural diversity through a unitary state. 

Several bioreactor designs have been demonstrated for large-scale culture of hairy roots (6,7). Bioreactors used for hairy root culture are more complex owing to continuous growth of hairy root and must compensate for the heterogeneous, cohesive, structured, and entangled nature of fibrous roots (4). Hairy root cultures may be feasible for large-scale applications, but many problems with the hairy root culture system are still unsolved (6-9). 

The genetic manipulation of animal cells allows the production of therapeutic proteins in animal cell culture systems. Mammalian cells such as Chinese hamster ovarian cells and baby hamster kidney cells are commonly used. These mammalian hosts produce recombinant proteins that have almost identical properties to those made by human cells. However, the use of mammalian cells does have disadvantages. As noted earlier, they are expensive to use. This is influenced by their more complex nutritional requirements, their slower growth, and their increased susceptibility to physical damage (Walsh, 2003). 

Ansamycin antibiotics are probably the most complex organic compounds produced by the genus Streptomyces. In addition to the antibacterial, they also exhibit antiviral effects. Ansamitocin P-3 shows a potent cytotoxicity against the human solid tumor cell lines A-549 and HT-29. The compound exhibits a significant activity against P-388 lymphocytic leukemia in mice and both 9PS (murine lymphocytic leukemia) and 9KB (human nasopharyngeal carcinoma) in cell culture systems. [38]. 

There are complex interactions among the different cellular components of the neurovascular unit and the extracellular matrix, determining its permeability properties during both physiological and pathological conditions. This highlights the severe limitations of cell culture-based models to mimic neurological diseases associated with BBB disruption. Transwell culture systems of endothelial cells alone rarely achieve adequate transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER). Cocultures of... 

Maksymowych and Simpson (1998) used transwell culture systems with various transformed epithelial cell lines to evaluate the fate of the HA components of type A progenitor toxin complex. Radiolabeled preparations of both BoNT/A and HA were taken up by cultured T-84 human colon carcinoma cells by bulk endocytosis. However, efficient delivery across the T-84 cells was only observed for the neurotoxin. 

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