Competitor

DGS and Reference Block Methods - Are They Still Competitors ... 

Patents are important for companies to protect their research. In industry, novelties are first published in patents and nowhere else. This means that only up to 10% of the information contained in patents is available through other information systems. In addition, to avoid redundant investigations, companies can monitor the research of competitors and can claim new developments (products, compounds, etc.) on their own. 

Lactam polymerization represented by reaction 5 in Table 5.4 is another example of a ring-opening reaction, the reverse of which is a possible competitor with polymer for reactants. We shall discuss this situation in Sec. 5.10. 

Acetyl chloride can be used as a substitute for acetic anhydride in many reactions. Whereas the anhydride requites a mineral acid catalyst for acetylation, acetyl chloride does not. Acetyl chloride is utilized in a wide range of reactions wherein its comparatively high price is offset by convenience. Should its nominal cost be lowered, acetyl chloride would be a powerhil competitor for acetic anhydride in large scale manufacturing. 

Instrumental Analysis. It is difficult to distiaguish between the various acryhcs and modacryhcs. Elemental analysis may be the most effective method of identification. Specific compositional data can be gained by determining the percentages of C, N, O, H, S, Br, Cl, Na, and K. In addition the levels of many comonomers can be estabhshed usiag ir and uv spectroscopy. Also, manufacturers like to be able to identify their own products to certify, for example, that a defective fiber is not a competitor s. To facihtate this some manufacturers iatroduce a trace of an unusual element as a built-ia label. 

Asahi s innovations have done much to transform the cuprammonium process from an uneconomic competitor for viscose and synthetics into the fastest wet-spinning system in the world. They now cl aim it to be competitive both economically and environmentally with the viscose filament process. 

Bimolecular reactions of peroxy radicals are not restricted to identical radicals. When both peroxy radicals are tertiary, reaction 15 is not possible. When an a-hydrogen is present, reaction 15 is generally the more effective competitor and predominates. 

Elements that the researcher evaluates about competitors include plants, processes, raw material costs and avakabiHty, distribution channels, product development skills, service faciHties, personnel, pricing poHcies, eg, does the competitor lead or foUow , and practices or concessions to secure and hold large customers. AH of these factors are weighed and then the researcher decides on a strategy for the company. 

The higher price of the petroleum product results from its higher quaUty, ie, higher purity, lower sulfur content, etc. The price of cmde coal-tar naphthalene is primarily associated with that of o-xylene, its chief competitor as phthaUc anhydride feedstock. 

Once this process has been completed for each of the essential elements, patent claims maybe drafted which cover the invention. These claims will cover, in the broadest sense, only those elements of the invention which are essential. Narrower, more focused claims, however, should also be included within the patent appHcation. These claims may focus on aspects of the invention that the appHcant beHeves are preferred, or may otherwise represent essential aspects of any commercial product that will stem from the invention. Finally, claims should also be drafted to cover alternative forms of the invention. Such alternative forms of the invention may not necessarily be considered to be preferred commercially, but they may present an area where a competitor could attempt to engineer "around" the invention. 

Entities involved in long-term contracts with electric utihties, such as fuel supphers and NUGs selling power to utihties, also have concerns that some utihties or industrial customers will not be able to honor their contracts under the new, more competitive system. Einahy, some utihties are concerned that they wih not be adequately reimbursed for opening up their transmission systems to competitors. The potential competitors in turn are concerned that utihties whl not provide unbiased access to their transmission systems if the utihties themselves are also in business of marketing power. There has also been some debate regarding which transmission facihties are eligible for open access. This is because some facihties are considered local distribution systems by utihties, which feel they should not be opened to competitors. 

Technology managers should include the following elements in the plan itself the critical business issues the nature of markets and customers the thmsts of traditional and potential competitors the human resource issues, ie, the skills and abiUties needed to carry out the plan alternatives and contingencies to support the plan a patent and intellectual property strategy and the supporting faciUties and resource plan. The most frequentiy overlooked elements are human resource issues and patent strategies (50). 

Organisms evolving under aimual temperature cycles and in environments with varying temperatures spatially have incorporated thermal cues in reproductive behavior, habitat selection, and certain other features which act at the population level. Thus, the balance of births and mortaUties, which determines whether a species survives, is akin to the metaboHc balance at the physiological level in being dependent upon the match, within certain limits, to prescribed temperatures at different times of year. At the ecosystem level, relationships among species, eg, predators, competitors, prey animals, and plant foods, are related to environmental temperatures in complex ways. Many of these interactions are poorly understood. 

The first are competitors of PABA (p-aminobenzoic acid) and thus intermpt host de novo formation of the tetrahydrofoUc acid required for nucleic acid synthesis. Examples of dmgs that fall into this group are the sulfones and sulfonamides. The most weU-known of the sulfones is dapsone (70, 4,4 -diaminodiphenyl sulfone, DDS), whose toxicity has discouraged its use. Production of foHc acid, which consists of PABA, a pteridine unit, and glutamate, is disturbed by the substitution of a sulfonamide (stmcturally similar to PABA). The antimalarial sulfonamides include sulfadoxine (71, Fanasd [2447-57-6]) sulfadiazine (25), and sulfalene (72, sulfamethoxypyrazine [152-47-6] Kelfizina). Compounds of this group are rapidly absorbed but are cleared slowly. 

Catalysis is a broad, complex subject that is documented in many and varied sources. The field is rich in opportunity, in part because there is so much information that it is possible to find nuggets that competitors miss. Industrial catalysis is a competitive field, and much practical knowledge is proprietary. 

---