Inadequate competitor

If A, is different from A2 then there is no interior rest point, that is, a rest point with both components positive. In view of the results for growth without a competitor, the only interesting cases are where m, > 1 and 0 < A, < 1 fort = 1 and 2. If not, the corresponding population washes out of the chemostat even without a competitor (and hence is called an inadequate competitor). 

A competitor x, for which A, > 1 is an inadequate competitor, since its break-even concentration equals or exceeds the reservoir concentration of nutrient. Our first result makes this mathematically precise. 

The first step in the analysis is to eliminate the cases of inadequate competitors and inadequate prey - inadequate in the sense that they could not survive in the chemostat without predators, or survive on this prey even at the prey s maximum possible level. Define... 

The obvious chemicals to use are any available waste acids or bases. When these are not present or inadequate, the best acidic choice is concentrated sulfuric acid (66° Baume). It can be stored at this concentration in a carbon-steel vessel. It is less corrosive, less costly, and less likely to produce atmospheric pollution than its nearest competitor, hydrochloric acid. 

The modem Olympics were devised by men for men in 1896 anything else would have been quite shocking. Nevertheless a woman did, it is claimed, mn unofficially with the 25 male competitors in that first marathon. It was not until the Amsterdam Olympics of 1928 that three track events - the 100 m, 800 m and 4 x 100 m relay - were opened to women, together with the discus and high jump. Ai it turned out, this first women s Olympic 800 m event was to set back the course of women s athletics by many years since some of the participants in that race collapsed. Although the failures probably resulted from inadequate preparation (as they would have done for male athletes) they inevitably received more publicity than the winner, Lina Radke, from Germany. This provided support for the view that women should not be allowed to participate in such events. Indeed the 800 m event for women was not reinstated until the 1960 Olympic Games. 

Care is needed in deciding what practical action should be taken on the basis of this result. Remember that a non-significant result does not preclude a difference. Leaflet B has quite a strong lead over its competitors and our experiment may simply have inadequate power to detect a genuine superiority. This is another demonstration of how frustrating this type of data can be —90 patients recruited and interviewed and we still are not sure if it matters which leaflet we use ... 

No Ballard competitor mentions voltage reversal, presumably due to inadequate test experience. 

Scientists, engineers, and clinicians have a tendency to focus on the technology behind the invention, but inadequately invest te the market for their invention or how to access it effectively. Fundamental questions that need to be answered are What is the size of the market How will it be accessed Who are the competitors Ignoring these important questions is perilous. 

Concerning broader hypotheses of early vertebrate diversity, the view that diversity patterns and the extinction of most clades of jawless fish reflect competition between agnathans and gnathostomes or between specific clades of jawless and jawed fish, although widely held, must be regarded as untested, and at present untestable, speculation. The available data for feeding habits, palaeogeographic distribution, and habitats are inadequate for this purpose, and the possibility that members of two contemporary clades were potential competitors can be neither confirmed nor refuted. Competitive interactions are just one of a number of possible explanations of the pattern of early vertebrate diversity. 

---