Economics, competitive process

The second dilemma - competitive process economics are reported publicly on varying bases often with little detail. 

Asahi s innovations have done much to transform the cuprammonium process from an uneconomic competitor for viscose and synthetics into the fastest wet-spinning system in the world. They now cl aim it to be competitive both economically and environmentally with the viscose filament process. 

Direct conversion of natural gas to Hquids has been actively researched. Process economics are highly variable and it is unclear whether direct natural gas conversion technologies are competitive with the estabUshed indirect processes. Some emerging technologies in this area are presented herein. 

Centrifugation is a well-established liquid-solid separation process popular in commercial and municipal waste treatment facilities. It is usually used to reduce slurry and sludge volumes and to increase the solids concentration in these waste streams. It is a technically and economically competitive process and is commonly used on waste sludges produced from water pollution control systems and on biological sludges produced in industry and municipal treatment facilities. 

Propylene is also obtained by dehydrogenating propane, which could open up a new product stream for the Middle East. Again, this technology needs to be improved before the process economics are competitive with recovery from steam crackers or refineries. 

At CEA, the studies on this process have started more recently. The two critical components of the process components are the high-temperature decomposition reactor and the SDE. Beside the European project mentioned above on the process heat reactor for S03 decomposition, CEA studies therefore focus on the electrolysis section, with a pilot now in operation in Marcoule (see Figure 7). Indeed, a major challenge for the HyS process is the development of an efficient, cost-effective SDE. Prevention of S02 migration through the separation membrane of the electrolyser, which leads to undesired sulphur deposits, remains a major technical hurdle to overcome. Like for all electrolytic processes, economic competitiveness of the cycle will also depend on the minimisation of electrolysis overvoltage and on components lifetime (membrane, interconnectors). 

The feasibility of applying solar radiation as a source of UV-visible radiation has made the photo-Fenton system an economical and competitive process. Within this context an alternative method has been developed based on solar photocatalytic oxidation and natural processes of wastewater treatment [5], as well as sunlight-driven degradations of many compounds, such as EDTA [30], phenols [7,13], pesticides [31-33], surfactants [34], diclofenac [24], formic acid [22], azo-dyes [19], non-biodegradable chlorinated solvents [35], nitroaniline [16], and other organic compounds [21, 36]. 

From process studies carried out in this pilot plant over several years, parameters were defined to permit process and engineering designs of full commercial operations. Process economics indicated the cost of this active carbon would be greater than currently available commercial carbons. However, hundreds of evaluations in a full spectrum of applications showed that this active carbon would be competitive in many of those applications on a cost-performance basis. It will be commercially available mid-85 in various forms, trademarked as SUPER-A, from Anderson Development Company in Adrian, Michigan,... 

An overall economic analysis of the system has also been performed,8 76 which is guiding the direction of research in areas that will produce cost-saving results. As a result, a new, lower cost, continuous H2-production system has been conceived, designed and tested,65 although it is still not a cost-competitive process yet. 

Economics Due to the mild reaction conditions (pressure and temperature), the process is lower in investment than competitive processes. Typical utility requirements for a 160,000-metric tpy plant are 3,700 tph cooling water, 39 MW fuel gas and 6800 kW electric power. 

Before we get into an outline of the theory of pharmaceutical economics, we need to establish pure competition as a competitive process. Traditional microeconomics has assumed implicitly that the natural state is one that is depicted by pure competition. Deviations from the natural state occur as a disequilibrium, by the establishment of monopoly power, or through other often cited market failures. In cases of disequilibrium, the tatonne-ment will bring us to the equilibrium ideal of pure competition. Interestingly, the model of pure competition never really describes the process of the tatormement (equilibration) but only the conditions necessary for the process to operate and the final equilibrium to result when the process has worked itself out. 

We can think of dynamic pure competition as a process where naturally occurring monopoly is systematically eroded. It represents a kind of entropy that properly allocates resources in the production of current and future goods and services. The underlying characteristics of the competitive process are that it recognizes that economic imperfections are inherent that economic man realizes this as a matter of course and he or she is willing to compensate economic agents who act to ameliorate these imperfections. 

It has been the purpose of this article to apply certain aspects of economic analysis to the pharmaceutical industry. In doing this, we have described a dynamic competitive process that generates new products and serves as a mechanism that pushes us toward the optimal allocation of resources for the production of existing products. A model of the pharmaceutical firm was also presented. Finally, the welfare... 

Special Features. The DJSI corporate questionnaire is designed to assess opportunities and risks deriving from economic, environmental, and social activities of companies. Inclusion in this standard is a competitive process selection is considered a mark of distinction for companies that want investors to see them as sustainability leaders. 

Therefore, significant improvement in the photoactivity is possible only at low dopant concentrations. It further activates the competitive processes on the photocatalyst surfaces, however, the exact involvement of these processes are still not known. The surface metal ion activates the carbon dioxide molecule in a different way as that of semiconductors, leading to a relatively high product yield compared to the bare photocatalyst. The earth s abundance and cost of the metals are the main problems which adversely affect the process economics, hence the metal doping increases the overall cost of the process. Hence the practical implementation is not possible with the metal doped photocatalyst even though it s a promising route for the conversion of carbon dioxide into chemical and fuels. 

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