Comparison of resolution

Weiss, GH Garner, M Yarmola, E Bocek, P Chrambach, A, A Comparison of Resolution of DNA Fragments Between Agarose Gel and Capillary Zone Electrophoresis in Agarose Solutions, Electrophoresis 16, 1345, 1995. 

FIGURE 9.1 Comparison of resolution and selectivity with increased speed. L = column length. dp= particle size. (Courtesy of Waters Corp.)... 

Fig. 3.1 Comparison of resolution of a [15N,1H]-HSQC experiment performed on ubiquitin at 800 MHz (left) and 600 MHz (right) recorded at 295...

FIGURE 6.21 Comparison of resolution and detection sensitivity of ITPZE and ZE separations. Sample, dsDNA ( )X I lAHlae in 0.1 x PCR buffer. The ZE sample has a 25x higher total DNA concentration than the ITPZE sample. The average signal enhancement from ITP is 40-fold [636]. Reprinted with permission from Wiley-VCH Verlag. 

Figure 1.9. Comparison of resolution values for peaks of equal and nonequal heights. Reproduced from the Journal of Chromatographic Science by permission of Preston Publications, Inc. 

Figure 5. Comparison of resolution of diastereomeric salt-pairs and enzymatic resolution for producing D,L-pantoyl lactone.

Table 5.6 Comparison of resolution efficiency for the enantioseparation by cis-2-aminoindan-l-ol and cis-2-aminobenz[/]indan-l-ol.

Mitchell BC, Burdick DS, An empirical comparison of resolution methods for three-way arrays, Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems, 1993,20, 149-161. 

Yau et al. [15] developed the concept of specific resolution factor, / ,p, that can be used for direct comparison of resolution power of unit length of various columns ... 

Figure 5.7 Comparison of resolution and peak 0.5 mmol/L H2SO4 flow rate 0.5 mL/min shapes for selected organic acids between detection UV (210nm) peaks oxalic acid (1), Rezex ROA Organic Acids and Aminex HPX- citric acid (2), tartaric acid (3), succinic acid (4),...

Table 3.2 Comparison of resolution and energy range of various low-energy gamma-ray detectors...

Figure 6.15 Comparison of resolution achieved (a) in situ (dead mouse with lung inflated at constant PEEP level) vs. an in vivo [gated to end expiration (b)] scan. Isotropic reconstructed voxel size was 18 p,m. The worse SNR in the in vivo scan is mostly the result of reduced exposure time, that is, 1770 ms for the in situ scan and 295 ms for the in vivo scan. The reduced exposure time was necessary to minimize motion artifacts.

FIGURE 8.3 Comparison of resolution between (a) a quadrupole and (b) a magnetic sector instrument for the polyatomic interference of Ar O on Fe+. (From U. Greb and L. Rott-man, Labor Praxis, August 1994.)... 

So, a comparison of different types of magnetic field sensors is possible by using the impulse response function. High amplitude and small width of this bell-formed function represent a high local resolution and a high signal-to-noise-characteristic of a sensor system. On the other hand the impulse response can be used for calculation of an unknown output. In a next step it will be shown a solution of an inverse eddy-current testing problem. 

The paper presents the results from systematic comparisons of contrast and resolution obtained with different types of radiation sources on steel thicknesses from 5 to 40 mm. These results have been taken into account with the definitions of the European standard for radiographic inspection of weldments (EN 1435) that is approved since 1997. Conclusions from practical investigations on pipe line sites, in petrochcemical plants and in nuclear power stations will be discussed as well. Furthermore, the presentation will stipulate a variety of advantages obtained from the new source in terras of coUimation and radiation protection. 

Figure Cl.5.4. Comparison of near-field and far-field fluorescence images, spectra and lifetimes for the same set of isolated single molecules of a carbocyanine dye at a PMMA-air interface. Note the much higher resolution of the near-field image. The spectmm and lifetime of the molecule indicated with the arrow were recorded with near-field excitation and with far-field excitation at two different excitation powers. Reproduced with pennission from Trautman and Macklin [125].

To enable an atomic interpretation of the AFM experiments, we have developed a molecular dynamics technique to simulate these experiments [49], Prom such force simulations rupture models at atomic resolution were derived and checked by comparisons of the computed rupture forces with the experimental ones. In order to facilitate such checks, the simulations have been set up to resemble the AFM experiment in as many details as possible (Fig. 4, bottom) the protein-ligand complex was simulated in atomic detail starting from the crystal structure, water solvent was included within the simulation system to account for solvation effects, the protein was held in place by keeping its center of mass fixed (so that internal motions were not hindered), the cantilever was simulated by use of a harmonic spring potential and, finally, the simulated cantilever was connected to the particular atom of the ligand, to which in the AFM experiment the linker molecule was connected. 

The chief uses of chromatographic adsorption include (i) resolution of mixtures into their components (Li) purification of substances (including technical products from their contaminants) (iii) determination of the homogeneity of chemical substances (iv) comparison of substances suspected of being identical (v) concentration of materials from dilute solutions (e.g., from a natural source) (vi) quantita tive separation of one or more constituents from a complex mixture and (vii) identi-1 ig- II, 16, 3. gcajjQij and control of technical products. For further details, the student is referred to specialised works on the subject. ... 

Optically Active Alcohols and Esters. In addition to the hydrolysis of esters formed by simple alcohols described above, Hpases and esterases also catalyze the hydrolysis of a wide range of esters based on more complex and synthetically useful cycHc and acycHc alcohols (Table 5). Although the hydrolysis of acetates often gives the desirable resolution, to achieve maximum selectivity and reaction efficiency, comparison of various esters is recommended. 

Figure 5 Comparison of spectral profiles measured from a specimen of NiO using EDS and EELS. Shown are the oxygen K- and nickel L-shell signals. Note the difference in the spectral shape and peak positions, as well as the energy resolution of the two spectroscopies.

Figure 4 Schematic comparison of the Si 2p spectra of an Si/Si02 interface taken using Al K radiation at 1486 eV and synchrotron radiation at 40 eV photon energy. Note the greater surface sensitivity and higher resolution in the synchrotron case.

TABLE 4.2 Comparison of Protein Resolution Factors (Rs) on TSK-GEL SW Columns"... 

FIGURE 11.4 Comparison of chromatograms obtained on conventional (A) and solvent-efficient Styragel columns (B). In each case the column bank was a bank of Styragel HR 0.5, HR I, HR 2, and HR 3 columns at 3S°C with THF as the solvent. The sample is a mixture of polystyrene standards. With proper care and optimized instrumentation, good resolution can be obtained with solvent-efficient Styragel columns. (Courtesy of Waters Corp.)... 

Comparison of the separation efficiency between two columns in the same mobile phase or one column in two mobile phases is based on the extent of resolution of the peaks of the PEO standards in the respective chromatograms of the PEO A, B, and C group. Due to the limitation of space, only the TSK PEO A chromatograms for the four columns in water and water/methanol are... 

Fig. 3-3. Comparison of the values of enantiomeric resolution of different DNP-D,L-amino acids at different deconvolution stages of a cyclic hexapeptide sublibrary. Resolution values in a cyclo(Arg-Lys-X-X-X-P-Ala) sublibrary, in the first line, are compared to those obtained in sublibraries with a progressively increasing number of defined positions. All the sublibraries were 30 mM in the running buffer while the completely defined cyclo(Arg-Lys-Tyr-P-Tyr-P-Ala) peptide is used at 10 mM concentration. Conditions cyclopeptide sublibrary in 20 mM sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7.0 capillary, 50 pm i.d., 65 cm total length, 57 cm to the window V = -20 kV, I = 40 electrokinetic injection, -10 kV, 3 s detection at 340 nm. (Reprinted with permission from ref. [75]. Copyright 1998, American Chemical Society.)...

The efficiency of many CSPs increases dramatically when liquid eluents are replaced with sub- or supercritical fluids. During a comparison of LC and SFC performed with a Chiralcel OD CSP, Lynam and Nicolas reported that the number of theoretical plates obtained was three to five times higher in SFC than in LC [26]. The separation of metoprolol enantiomers by LC and SFC on a Chiralcel OD CSP is illustrated in Fig. 12-2. Although impressive selectivity is achieved by both techniques, resolution is higher in SFC (R = 12.7) than in LC (R = 4.8), and the higher flowrate in SFC reduces the analysis time. The increased efficiency of SFC also improves peak symmetry. 

Comparisons of LC and SFC have also been performed on naphthylethylcar-bamoylated-(3-cyclodextrin CSPs. These multimodal CSPs can be used in conjunction with normal phase, reversed phase, and polar organic eluents. Discrete sets of chiral compounds tend to be resolved in each of the three mobile phase modes in LC. As demonstrated by Williams et al., separations obtained in each of the different mobile phase modes in LC could be replicated with a simple CO,-methanol eluent in SFC [54]. Separation of tropicamide enantiomers on a Cyclobond I SN CSP with a modified CO, eluent is illustrated in Fig. 12-4. An aqueous-organic mobile phase was required for enantioresolution of the same compound on the Cyclobond I SN CSP in LC. In this case, SFC offered a means of simplifying method development for the derivatized cyclodextrin CSPs. Higher resolution was also achieved in SFC. 

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