Discussion and Comparison

Cost of retrofit (US ) Retrofitting level Utility cost (US /year) Utility cost savings (US /year) Fhyback period (year) 

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At present there is an increasing use of ab initio calculations made possible by rapidly increasing computer power. Such calculations do not involve the assumptions and approximations of the semiempirical methods and can be expected to displace these sooner or later. For the moment, however, it is still necessary to refer to some of the more recent results from semiempirical methods. A general comparison and discussion is available <76DIS(B)(36)3907>. 

An account of the dopaminergic systems in the human forebrain is given by Hurd and Hall in this volume, and a chapter on these systems in the brain of primates has already appeared in the Handbook of Chemical Neuroanatomy (Lewis and Sesack, 1997). The present chapter will therefore refer mainly to rodents. Data on dopaminergic cell groups and circuits in other subprimates and in primates will be mentioned, whenever useful for comparison and discussion. Some emphasis will be given instead to the distribution of DA receptors in the primate brain as compared to the rat, in order to provide an overview of the distribution of DA receptor subtypes. 

A number of experimental alternatives to traditional IR transmission spectroscopy are suitable for overcoming some of these complicating experimental factors. In the technique of diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) (Hartauer et al. 1992 Neville et al. 1992) the sample is dispersed in a matrix of powdered alkali halide, a procedure which is less likely to lead to polymorphic transformations or loss of solvent than the more aggressive grinding necessary for mull preparation or pressure required to make a pellet (Roston et al. 1993). For these reasons, Threlfall (1995) suggests that DRIFTS should be the method of choice for the initial IR examination of polymorphs. He has also discussed the possible use of attenuated total reflection (ATR) methods in the examination of polymorphs and provided a comparison and discussion of the results obtained on sulphathiazole polymorphs from spectra run on KBr disks, Nujol mulls and ATR. 

J.R. MacDonald, J. ElectroanaL Chem. 223 (1987) 1. Comparison and Discussion of some Theories of the Equilibrium Electrical Double Layer in Liquid Electrolytes. (Review, emphasis on the mercuiy-solutlon interface.)... 

The initial phase of experiments will include a mapping of the engine characteristics using natural gas as a fuel. These data will be the basis for comparison and discussion of the results for different gas mixtures. The next step will be to use synthetic producer gas as a fuel as the most extreme low value gaseous fuel. Further experiments will include mixtures of synthetic producer gas and natural gas. 

Since the reaction of RX with Mg to generate RMgX is a formal oxidative addition, then a better way to look at the reactivity is to consider the reduction potential of the RX. For the reaction to be thermodynamically feasible, AE must be positive (i.e., a —AG). This means that the reduction potential for RX must be more positive than the reduction potential of Mg " to Mg, which has a standard reduction potential of —2.375 V [34]. Since the reduction potentials are greatly affected by solvent and reference electrode, comparisons and discussion of trends must be made under the same electrochemical system (Table 2). 

This is illustrated here in the case of a micronised DS for which SSA determination has been found to be relevant for its intended application. All four above mentioned techniques have been applied. A comparison and discussion of the obtained results considering the simplifying assumptions specific to each method have proved to be useful for understanding the micronized DS powder texture and for selecting a relevant quality control method. 

Details of the bubbling-bed reactor are explained in Case Study 11.5 along with a comparison and discussion of alternative models with varying degrees of complexity. The Miyanchi-Marooka model for the freebroad region (or the dilute phase) is among the models considered. Kunii and Levenspiel... 

Modeling of fluoropolymers can be based on several approaches, ranging from simple to complex and from phenomenological to those based on physical deformation processes. This chapter does not discuss all of the tools available for analysis. It does, however, provide a comparison and discussion of the values and ranges of applications for numerous analytical tools so an engineer or scientist can make informed decisions about how much effort and sophistication is appropriate for a given analysis. 

Antiarrhythmic drugs have been divided into four classes to facilitate comparison and discussion. Since the time the drugs were classified, however, it has become clear that drugs within each class may differ significantly and cannot be substituted for one another. The original classification scheme (bold-face print) and other generalizations include ... 

Therefore, in practice the term sea-surface microlayer has been defined as that thin layer of water that adheres to sampling devices, such as wiremesh screens (Fig. 1-3), glass plates. Teflon disks and rotating drums. For a comparison and discussion of the large variety of different surface film samplers with regard to their sampling efficiencies reference is made to Van Vleet and Williams (1980), Huhnerfuss (1981) or Hardy et al. (1988). 

To qnantily COC and metabolites in a complex matrix snch as wastewater, a cleanup and concentration step have to be implemented to obtain a clean extract which contains concentrations of the three analytes in a detectable concentration without much interference. This extract will then be analyzed for the compounds of interest with an optimized and vahdated method based on LC-MS/MS. This section presents an overview of the method used and will be given together with a comparison and discussion with other existing and pubUshed methods. 

Various methods have been proposed to determine the parameters Do, Di and m" of O Eq. 23.78. For example, Findley and Peterson (1958) subtract the instantaneous strain from the total strain and plot the transient strain on log-log paper. A comparison and discussion of different methods was given by Dillard and Kiel (1985). 

In another study, the use of the calorimetric C02 ratio for measurements of aerobic and anaerobic soil microbial activity was illustrated [87]. Depending on the substrate, the value of the calorimetric 02 ratio and the calorimetriciCOj ratio may be equal (carbohydrates), while an increased value of the caIorimetric C02 ratio compared to the calorimetric 02 ratio is to be expected for more reduced substrates (lipids, ethanol) than carbohydrates. In other words, more oxygen is consumed per carbon in more reduced substrates (see also [87] for a comparison and discussion of different values reported in... 

In order to inform or instruct the reader, the writer of a technical report may use examples, definitions, classifications, comparisons, and discussions of... 

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