Retrofitting levels

Table 7.2 Economic anaiysis of seiected optimai soiutions for various retrofitting levels.

Cost of retrofit (US ) Retrofitting level Utility cost (US /year) Utility cost savings (US /year) Fhyback period (year)... 

Montedison and Mitsui Petrochemical iatroduced MgCl2-supported high yield catalysts ia 1975 (7). These third-generation catalyst systems reduced the level of corrosive catalyst residues to the extent that neutralization or removal from the polymer was not required. Stereospecificity, however, was iasufficient to eliminate the requirement for removal of the atactic polymer fraction. These catalysts are used ia the Montedison high yield slurry process (Fig. 9), which demonstrates the process simplification achieved when the sections for polymer de-ashing and separation and purification of the hydrocarbon diluent and alcohol are eliminated (121). These catalysts have also been used ia retrofitted RexaH (El Paso) Hquid monomer processes, eliminating the de-ashing sections of the plant (Fig. 10) (129). 

Control of NO under the CAAA of 1990 will be accomphshed through the issuance of a revised NSPS in 1994, with the objective of reducing emissions by 2 miUion tons a year from 1980 emission levels. The teemission standards will not apply to cyclone and wet bottom boilers, unless alternative technologies are found, as these cannot be retrofitted with existing LNB technologies. 

Avoid the use of instrumentation that may have low first cost, but is very expensive to operate or maintain. Blind controllers, for example, are completely unsatisfactory for most applications. The author has seen examples of temperature controllers set at the factory, but with no method of readout or calibration. These almost always require retrofitting of additional instrumentation later. Internal level floats on process vessels that require plant... 

Retrofitting Buildings to an Increased Level of Blast and/or Fire Resistance... 

Retrofit of Seaports to Allow for Higher Water Levels and Worse Storms. 

The most frequently used lamp for UV curing processes is medium-pressure mercury lamp. Its emission spectrum can be used to excite the commonly used photoinitiators. Moreover, this type of lamp has a relatively simple design, is inexpensive, can be easily retrofitted to a production line, and is available in lengths up to 8 ft (2.5 m). Power levels in common use are in the range 40 to 240 W/cm, and even higher levels are available for special applications. ... 

Until recently, the potential of chemical flue gas conditioning was not fully appreciated by regulatory agencies. Utilities would try to use chemical conditioning in order to reach compliance levels of emissions. If they failed to do so, they were required to invest in retrofit ESP units or baghouses. During the interim period, most units were allowed to operate under a compliance schedule. This could cover a period of two to three years or until the new equipment was in place and operating. Emissions were, in effect, allowed to continue in an uncontrolled manner. 

The test was in response to problems resulting from TDF burning in a FBC boiler retrofitted from a spreader/stoker design, and located at a Wisconsin power plant.16 Problems during the commercial test indicated that better tramp metal removal was necessary, combustion was not adequate, and that the particulate control device, an electrified filter bed, was not commensurate with the ash levels generated.16... 

Hortham Statas Powar frtnch Island, Ul Teat in 1902 Unsuccessful electrified filter bed for PM Inadequate because awtal In tires aborted out device alao heat level In boiler too high. Yes 150,000 Ib/hr stean capacity bubbling fluidized bed retrofitted iron spreader/stoker design prlnary fuel la wood waste. References 8 and 9... 

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