Comparative data liquid

Figure 1 compares data reduction using the modified UNIQUAC equation with that using the original UNIQUAC equation. The data are those of Boublikova and Lu (1969) for ethanol and n-octane. The dashed line indicates results obtained with the original equation (q = q for ethanol) and the continuous line shows results obtained with the modified equation. The original equation predicts a liquid-liquid miscibility gap, contrary to experiment. The modified UNIQUAC equation, however, represents the alcohol/n-octane system with good accuracy. 

Unfortunately, relatively little information has been made available for industrial gas-liquid contactors. Further data from industry could permit significant tests of the reliability of the present correlations and their applicability to scale-up. Steel and Maxon (SI 1) reported on the power requirements during novobiacin fermentation in 20- and 250-liter pilot-plant vessels and in 12,000- and 24,000-gal vessels. The comparative data are difficult to evaluate because of changes that occurred in viscosity and gas retention during the course of the fermentation. In addition, geometric similarity did not prevail... 

The implication of these results is that deposition of, for example, R( +)-crystals on to the racemic films provides a nucleation site for R( + ) -molecules in the film, leaving behind a partially resolved film of predominantly S( — )-molecules. Deposition of S( — (-crystals should, alternatively, leave behind a film composed predominantly of R( + )-molecules. This model is supported by the ESP data obtained on the clean acidic surface, where the free energy of enantiomer crystals appears to be lower compared with liquid-like film states than that of the racemic crystals. 

Example 10.2 compares data of Table 10.4 with calculations based on Figures 10.6 and 10.7 for all-liquid mixing. Power and rpm requirements at a given superficial liquid velocity are seen to be very sensitive to impeller diameter. When alternate combinations of HP/rpm are shown in the table for a particular performance, the design of the agitator shaft may be a discriminant between them. The shaft must allow for the torque and bending moment caused by the hydraulic forces acting on the impeller and shaft. Also, the... 

Table II. Comparative Data for the Alkali Metals in Liquid Ammonia ...

The following table provides some comparative data for the selection and operation of the more common detectors applied to high-performance liquid chromatography.15 In general, the operational parameters provided are for optimized systems and represent the maximum obtainable in terms of sensitivity and linearity. In this table, the molar extinction coefficient is represented by s. 

Fulmer (1967) demonstrated that for a specific polymer every environment (liquid) shows a constant shift factor versus another environment. Next to his own experiments on (filled) polyethylene he used data obtained by Bergen (1964) in creep investigations. Table 26.9 lists some of these environmental shift factors for different polymers in two liquids. Comparative data for other polymer-liquid combinations are scarce. 

The data in Table 23.2 show that for these crystalline resins, the contrast ratio generally increases with increased degree of crystallinity. Nylon 6,6 has the lowest contrast ratio (less opaque) compared to liquid crystal polymer, which has an... 

The heteroatom profiles shown for these SRC s in Figures 3, 4, and 5 provide a useful macroscopic characterization of the coal liquid components within a given chromatographic fraction. This information when coupled with comparable data on hydroprocessed coal liquids can yield valuable insights into the nature of the heteroatom removal reactions (3). 

They were the calculation of the Hildebrand solubility parameter as a function of density using tabulated thermodynamic data for carbon dioxide and Raman spectroscopy of test solutes dissolved in supercritical carbon dioxide compared to liquid solvents to evaluate solvent-solute interactions. The results of these recent approaches indicated that while the maximum solvent power of carbon dioxide is similar to that of hexane, probably somewhat higher, there is some solvent-solute interaction not found with hexane as the solvent. The limiting solvent power of carbon dioxide is resolved by choosing the alternative of a supercritical fluid mixture as the mobile phase. The component added to the supercritical fluid to increase its solvent power and/or to alter the chromatograph column is referred to as the "modifier."... 

Shale samples were subjected to treatment with other fluids at 25°C to provide comparative data on their ability to fracture these shales. From among these fluids only gaseous SO2, liquid NH3, and methylene chloride were effective fracturing agents under these conditions. The results are summarized in Table II. Under the same conditions of temperature and pressure, gaseous SO2 is less effective than the liquid in producing fractures. 

In summary, all semi-empirical MO methods discussed above have their strong and weak points, which unfortunately are not always known prior to the actual calculation. As with all evaluations of theoretical methodologies, making contact and comparing with experimental data is always a wise thing to do. It should be borne in mind that quantum chemical calculations are most often done on the isolated molecule, that is, in absolute vaeuum. More often than not, the results of these calculations are compared to the results obtained from X-ray (crystalline state) or nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) data (liquid state), from which it follows that discrepancies between theoretieal and experimental results are not necessarily a reflection on the validity and aeeuracy of the former. 

Compare the liquid thermal conductivity data for ethylene glycol (1,2-ethanediol) and 1-butanol using the free DDBSP Explorer Version. Interpret the difference in the absolute value and the temperature dependence on a molecular basis. 

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