Comparative biology

Chapter 5, An Overview of Organic Reactions—A new Section 5.11 comparing biological reactions and laboratory reactions has been added. 

Kasai H (1999) Comparative biology of Ca -dependent exocytosis implications of kinetic diversity for secretory function. Trends Neurosci 22 88-93 Kasai H, Kishimoto T, Liu TT, Miyashita Y, Podini P, Grohovaz F, Meldolesi J (1999) Multiple and diverse forms of regulated exocytosis in wild-type and defective PC12 cells. Proc Natl... 

Variation of the content of impurities in the different CNT preparations [21] offers additional challenges in the accurate and consistent assessment of CNT toxicity. As-produced CNTs generally contain high amounts of catalytic metal particles, such as iron and nickel, used as precursors in their synthesis. The cytotoxicity of high concentrations of these metals is well known [35, 36], mainly due to oxidative stress and induction of inflammatory processes generated by catalytic reactions at the metal particle surface [37]. Another very important contaminant is amorphous carbon, which exhibits comparable biological effects to carbon black or relevant ambient air particles. 

Nelson, G. (1994), Homology and systematics , in B. K. Hall (Ed.), Homology The Hierarchical Basis of Comparative Biology, Academic Press, San Diego, CA, pp. 101-149. 

Table 1 Studies that use transcriptional profiling to compare biological models... 

Houck, L.D. 1986. The evolution of salamander courtship pheromones. In D. Duvall, D. MiHler-Schwarze and R.M. Silverstein. (Eds.) Chemical Signals in Vertebrates, Vol. IV Ecology, Evolution, and Comparative Biology. Plenum Press, New York. Pp. 173-190. 

Parent, R.A. (1991). Comparative Biology of the Normal Lung. CRC Press Boca Raton, FL. 

The toxic effect of various species of rove beetles pertaining to the genus Paederus on the skin and eyes of mammals, including man, are due to the presence in their hemolymph of three vesicant amides pederin (104), pederone (105) and pseudopederin (106) (Fig. 18) [94,95], pederin being the major and most active of the three compounds. Their structure determination [96, 97] revealed rather unique substances until similar natural products with comparable biological activities were isolated from sponges of the genera Mycale [98,99], Stylinos [100] and Theonella [101-104]. 

A recombinant IFN-P, IFN-pia (Rebif Serono and Avonex Biogen) is produced for commercial use in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. A synthetic mutant produced in bacteria has a substitution of serine for cysteine at amino acid 17, yielding IFN-pib Betaseron Berlex). Both IFN-pia and IFN-pib are approved by the FDA for treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS) and have shown comparable biological activity (see Section 7.3). In vivo IFN-a2 and IFN-alb show comparable biological activity as well as similar side effects [54,55]. However, IFN-P is eliminated faster, resulting in no detectable serum peak levels [56]. The clinical consequence of this is not known. Objective responses, whether partial or complete tumor regression, have been documented in patients with carcinoma of the breast, hairy-cell leukemia, and non-small-cell lung cancer [57,58]. 

Crane, J. (1949). Comparative biology of salticid spiders at Rancho Grande, Venezuela, Part IV. An analysis of display. Zoologica, New York 34 159-215. 

Andres J, Lambert I, Robertson L, et al. 1983. The comparative biologic and toxic potencies of polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated biphenyls. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 70 204-215. 

In 1987, scientists at Hoffmann-La Roche described their discovery of hpstatin (5), a secondary metabolite isolated from Strptomyces toxytricini, and demonstrated that it is a potent inhibitor of pancreatic lipase.Simple hydrogenation of 5 formed terahydrolipstatin (1,USAN, orlistat) which possesses comparable biological activity but is more stable than 5. Orlistat (1, Xenical ) works through pancreatic lipase inhibition. Pancreatic lipase is the key enzyme of dietary triglyceride absorption, exerting its activity... 

In the only application of this method via N-activation, use of an TV-(chloroformyl)-proline ester leads to the AzAla analogue of the powerful antihypertensive agent enalapril with comparable biological activity/36 ... 

COMPARATIVE BIOLOGY. In any division of biological science, the comparative treatment focuses attention upon a limited subject, such as anatomy, but introduces into its treatment data drawn from many species. This method of study has been applied widely to the vertebrates hence, comparative anatomy is likely to mean comparative anatomy of the vertebrates unless otherwise qualified. 

According to the concept of Stach/Poldinger91 and Wilhelm92, such alterations in stereochemical structure should result in changed psychotropic activities. To check this theory, comparative X-ray diffraction analyses and comparative biological tests are under investigation. 

Bukovac, M. J., Wittwer, S. H.. Comparative Biological Activities of the Gibberellins in Plant Growth Regulation (Proc. of IVth International Conf. on Plant Growth Regulation), Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa, in press. 

Perry G., Taddeo M. A., Nunomura A., Zhu X. W., Zenteno-Savin T., Drew K. L., Shimohama S., Avila J., Castellani R. J., and Smith M. A. (2002). Comparative biology and pathology of oxidative stress in Alzheimer and other neurodegenerative diseases beyond damage and response. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C-Toxicol. Pharmacol. 133 507-513. 

Comparing Biological Exposure Index and Biologischer Arbeitsstoff-Toleranz Wert... 

I. Adoption of a standard preparation, to be compared with a preparation of unknown activity, Is a prerequisite of comparative biological assay. This approach Is used for standardization of Heliothls NPV products. Ignoffo (24) proposed a standard preparation of Heliothls NPV and defined an "Inclusion Insecticidal unit (IIU) as 2.7 PIB of reference standard/mm ... 

A variation on this theme is the transplantation of individuals to desired monitoring sites, an active biomonitoring method. In this approach, however, some of the inherent natural variability is reduced by ensuring comparable biological samples.41-44 Moreover, exposure time is controlled, the organisms are statistically similar, and the method is independent of the natural occurrence of the... 

See color plate) Effect of animal model and implant site on biologic response to polyurethane-coated stents. Comparable biologic responses to a bare-metal stent... 

Knoll, A.H., and S.B. Carroll (1999). Early animal evolution Emerging views from comparative biology and geology. Science 284 2129-2137. 

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