Communication Pheromones

Chasnov JR, So WK, Chan CM, Chow KL (2007) The species, sex, and stage specificity of a Caenorhabditis sex pheromone. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104 6730-6735 Jonz MG, Riga E, Mercier AJ, Potter JW (2001) Partial isolation of a water soluble pheromone from the sugar beet cyst nematode, Heterodera schachtii, using a novel bioassay. Nematology 3 55-64 

Meyer SEE, Huettel RN (1996) Application of a sex pheromone, pheromone analogs, and Verticillium lecanii for management of Heterodera glycines. J Nematol 28 36-42 

MuUer-SchwarzB, Hands-On Chemical Ecology Simple Field and Laboratory Exercises, DOI 10.1007/978-l-4419-0378-5 25, Springer Sdence+Business Media, LLC 2009 

When alarmed, earthworms secrete coelomic fluid through dorsal pores, located in the grooves between the segments. To trigger release of the alarm secretion, one can shock an earthworm electrically (obviously not exactly a natural stimulus) with current from two size D batteries while on a wax paper. The worm will secrete coelomic fluid. A 2-cm piece of this paper with secretion can be cut out and presented to another, naive earthworm. Observe the response rearing up and withdrawing. Compare this behavior with the response to control stimuli such as salt solution or the normal mucus from an undisturbed earthworm (Rosenkoetter and Boice 1975). 

Earthworms can be purchased from a bait dealer. Use Eiseniafoetida or Diplocardia riparia. (Lumbricus terrestris responds positively to coelomic fluid, a behavior which is harder to recognize.) Keep the worms in a bucket in peat moss, old leaves, or commercial earthworm bedding. Worms must be healthy and cahn, i.e., crawhng slowly forward, do not jerk about rapidly, and do not tend to crawl backwards or defecate. 

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The triatomine bug which causes Chagas disease can be trapped by using synthetic samples of its communication pheromone, which consists of a 4 1 mixture of the enantiomers of this heterocycle. How would you synthesize the required mixture of enantiomers Why would the other diastereoisomer of this compound be more of a challenge to make ... 

Communication Specialization of Pheromone Production. 5.3.2.1. Introduction and Evolutionary Origins. Whereas many fishes are expected to use hormonal pheromones for spying, others undoubtedly have come to use pheromones in communication. We expect the genesis of communication (pheromonal signals) in situations where there is a mechanism for individual donors to experience differential reproductive success because some aspect(s) of the way they produce and release a pheromonal cue can be modified to improve their individual success. In general, such mechanisms are expected in species... 

Mature crocodiles secrete from their skin glands the compound with the following structure. This compound is thought to be a communication pheromone for nesting or mating. 

Much of the communication between insects involves chemical messengers called pheromones A species of cockroach secretes a substance from its mandibular glands that alerts other cockroaches to its presence and causes them to congregate One of the principal components of this aggregation pheromone is the alkane shown in the bond line formula that follows Give the molecular formula of this substance and represent it by a condensed formula... 

Beauchamp G., Doty R.L., Moulton D.G. and Mugford R.A. (1976). The pheromone concept in mammalian chemical communication a critique. In Pheromones and Reproduction in Mammals (Doty R.L., ed.). Academic Press, New York, pp. 143-160. 

Johnston R.E. (1998). Pheromones, the vomeronasal system and communication — from hormonal responses to individual recognition. Ann NY Acad Sci 855, 333-348. 

Novotny M., Harvey S. and Jemiolo B. (1995). Stereoselectivity in mammalian chemical communication male mouse pheromones. Experientia (Basel) 51, 738-743. 

Tirindelli R., Mucignat-Caretta C. and Ryba J. (1998). Molecular aspects of pheromonal communication via the vomeronasal organ of mammals. Trends Neurosci 21, 482-486. 

Some lepidopteran species secret methyl-branched chemicals for their sexual communication. These have been abbreviated with Me to indicate the position of the methyl group. Disparlure (Me2,epo7-18 H) is a well-known pheromone identified from Lymantria dispar [3] and two other species in the same genus, L.fumida [95] and L. monacha [96]. L. monacha also secrets an... 

Contrary to the structure similarity of the pheromones secreted by taxonomical related moths, some differences are necessary for their sexual communication systems to play an important role in their reproductive isolation. In addition to further modifications of the various structures, diversity of the lepidopteran sex pheromones is generated by blending multiple components. Innumerable pheromone blends are based not only on combinations of different components but also on variations in the mixing ratio. A pioneer study with Adoxophyes spp. (Tortricidae Tortricinae) had already proposed this concept in the early 1970s. While the smaller tea tortrix (A. honmai) and the Japanese summerfruit tortrix (A. oranafasciata) had been considered to be variant strains with different host preferences in the same species, Tamaki et al. found that females of the former pest insect in the tea garden secreted Z9-14 OAc and Zll-14 OAc in a ratio of 7 4 but females of the latter defoliator of apple trees secreted them in a ratio of 13 4 [127,128]. Furthermore, two other components (Ell-14 OAc and MelO-12 OAc) were subsequently identified from the former species [129]. 

Abstract Pheromones are utilized by many insects in a complex chemical communication system. This review will look at the biosynthesis of sex and aggregation pheromones in the model insects, moths, flies, cockroaches, and beetles. The biosynthetic pathways involve altered pathways of normal metabolism of fatty acids and isoprenoids. Endocrine regulation of the biosynthetic pathways will also be reviewed for the model insects. A neuropeptide named pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide regulates sex pheromone biosynthesis in moths. Juvenile hormone regulates pheromone production in the beetles and cockroaches, while 20-hydroxyecdysone regulates pheromone production in the flies. 

Billen J, Morgan ED (1998) In Vander Meer RK, Breed MD, Winston ML, Espelie KE (eds) Pheromone communication in social insects. Westview Press, Boulder, CO, p 3... 

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