Butlerov, Aleksandr

Butlerov, Aleksandr M. "Bemerkungen liber A. S. Couper s neue chemlsche Theorie." Annalen der Chemie 110 (1859) 51-66. 

Butlerov, Aleksandr M. 1868. Lehrbuch der Organischen Chemie zur Einfuhrung in das specielle Studium derselben. German ed., rev. and enl., transl. from the Russian. Leipzig Quandt ( Handel. 

Formaldehyde has several advantages over alcohols and acetone, particularly the superior preservation of morphological detail. When the specimen has to be embedded in paraffin or synthetic resin, formaldehyde fixation is the best choice. Formaldehyde is the simplest aldehyde. Its chemical formula is H2CO. It was first synthesized by the Russian chemist Aleksandr Butlerov in 1859. Discovered to be a tissue fixative originally by the German pathologist Ferdinand Blum in 1893, it... 

Following the publication of stractural theory for all to examine, the next major players in its development were the Russian, Aleksandr Mikhailovich Butlerov (1828-1886), the Scot, Alexander Cmm Brown (1838-1922), and the Austrian, Joharm Josef Loschmidt (1821-1895). 

Formaldehyde is a colorless, flammable gas with a distinctive pungent odor. It is the simplest aldehyde, which is a class of organic compounds with the carbonyl group bonded to at least one hydrogen atom. Formaldehyde was described by August Wilhelm von Hoffmann (1818—1892) in 1867 after the Russian Aleksandr Butlerov (1828—1886) had inadvertently synthesized it in 1857. Formaldehyde readily dissolves in water to produce a solution called formalin, which is commonly marketed as a 37% solution. 

The first proposal that the valences of carbon were arranged tetrahedrally was made by Aleksandr Mikhailovich Butlerov (1828-1886) in 1862. In an attempt to explain the isomerism (now known to be illusory) of C2H5.H and CH3.CH3, he proposed as a model a tetrahedral carbon atom, each face of which was capable of attaching a univalent atom or group. He proceeded to calculate the number of isomers to be expected in the case of methane and its substitution products if two, three, or four of the valences of carbon (even if all bonded to hydrogen) were different in character. By assuming differences in carbon affinities he was able to explain the isomerism between methyl and ethyl hydride mentioned above. 

Zaitsev first studied chemistry at the University of Kazan under Aleksandr Butlerov and earned his diploma degree in 1862 he studied in Western Europe under Hermann Kolbe and Charles Wurtz.2 Zaitsev earned his Ph.D. degree in 1866 from the University of Leipzig under Kolbe.2... 

The recognition that carbon is tetravalent established the foundation for structural organic chemistry. In 1861 Aleksandr Butlerov first stated that the particular arrangement of atoms in a molecule is responsible for the substance s physical and chemical properties 4... 

Kekule was not the only important protagonist in the rise of the set of ideas that was ultimately consolidated under the rubric "structure theory" for example, in addition to Williamson, Adolphe Wurtz, Emil Erlenmeyer, Hermann Kolbe, and Edward Frankland also played vital roles. At the time of the birth of the theory all of these men occupied respected positions in their field. Chapter 5 looks at four outsiders— Archibald Couper, Joseph Loschmidt, Aleksandr Butlerov, and Alexander Crum Brown—who at this time were relatively new to the science, but who made their marks in sometimes transformative ways during the years 1858-64. All four had definite ideas on how molecules should be conceived by the scientist and best represented for heuristic purposes. A tour of these figures provides a fuller understanding of the range of responses, opportunities, and creative options that were available during these tumultuous years in the science, and suggests par-... 

When in 1958 the centennial of Kekule s and Couper s theory of chemical structure was commemorated, the Soviet Union waited three more years for their corresponding celebrations, for Soviet scholars dated the theory to a landmark paper in 1861 by one of their countrymen. The author of that paper, Aleksandr Mikhailovich Butlerov (1828-86), was a student of Nikolai Zinin and Karl Klaus at the University of Kazan, and was named professor there in 1857. During the mid-1850s he was already inclined toward the reform camp, but Butlerov s full development awaited his first trip to western Europe (from August 1857 to July... 

Aleksandr Mikhailovich Zaitsev (sometimes spelled as Saytseff, 1841-1910), like Markovnikov, was also a protege of Aleksandr Mikhailovich Butlerov (1828-1882). But unlike Markovnikov s lack of tact and inability to compromise with administrators, Zaitsev was a skilled politician. He held the position of chair at Kazan University for over four decades and educated a generation of organic chemistry. 

Aleksandr Butlerov, with part of his presentation to the 36th congress of German physicians and scientists in 1861, paraphrased from the German original. 

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