Common Laboratory Tests

There is a very wide range of clinical chemistry tests that can be conducted. For example  

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The following table is an alphabetical listing of some common laboratory tests and their reference ranges for adults as measured in plasma or serum (unless otherwise indicated). Reference values differ among laboratories, so readers should refer to the published reference ranges used in each institution. For some tests, both SI units and conventional units are reported. 

Appendices useful to students and practitioners. These appendices include 1) conversion factors and anthropometries 2) common laboratory tests and their reference ranges and 3) common medical abbreviations. 

Common laboratory tests are used to classify the cause of ARF. Functional ARF, which is not included in this table, would have laboratory values similar to those seen in prerenal azotemia. However, the urine osmolality-to-plasma osmolality ratios may not exceed 1.5, depending on the circulating levels of antidiuretic hormone. The laboratory results listed under acute intrinsic renal failure are those seen in acute tubular necrosis, the most common cause of acute intrinsic renal failure. 

The low occurrence of undesirable side effects in experiments on common laboratory test animals (rats, mice, guinea pigs, etc.) coupled with their high biological activity made II and III especially attractive anti-inflammatory agents. 

Laboratory experiments quantifying contaminant effects commonly involve either exposure via water or sediments exposure via food is addressed less frequently. The most common laboratory tests expose individual organisms directly to contaminant present... 

For purposes of comparison the sensitivities of lead azide to various stimuli as measured in some common laboratory tests are given in Table I. The values given are not definitive except with respect to the particular apparatus and samples used, but they do indicate azide sensitivities in relation to those of other explosives measured with the same apparatus. The tests referred to in Table I are described later in the chapter. 

Aldehydes and ketones can be distinguished on the basis of differences in their reactivity. The most common laboratory test for aldehydes is the Tollens test. When exposed to the Tollens reagent, a basic solution of Ag(NH3)2, an aldehyde undergoes oxidation. The silver ion (Ag+) is reduced to silver metal (Ag ) as the aldehyde is oxidized to a carboxylic acid anion. 

Systeme International (SI) units conversion table for common laboratory tests. Ann Pharmacother 1995 29 100-7. 

The required mass of sample for the various laboratory tests are as presented in Table 3.6 (BS5930 1999). Common laboratory tests on soils and ground water with remarks on their use are presented in Table 3.7 (BS5930 1999). Corresponding laboratory tests on rocks are as shown in Table 3.8 (BS5930 1999). Figures 3.8 and 3.9 show typical laboratory test set-ups for undisturbed soil samples. 

Table 3.7. Common laboratory tests for soil (from BS5930 1999). 

The most common laboratory tests performed to determine acid-base status include an arterial blood-gas determination—pH, Pco, and HCO3 levels, as well as Po because hypoxia can result in lactic acidosis, venous serum CO, electrolytes because electrolyte levels are affected by acid or base states, and urine tests, including urinalysis, urine pH, and litmus dipstick tests. 

Safety-related data collected during clinical trials can be considered at three levels the extent of exposure common, serious, and other significant adverse events and common laboratory tests. 

Refer to Sections II and III for information on designing tests and for detailed descriptions of common laboratory tests. Considerable skill is required to develop a corrosion test program that adequately defines materials requirements. First, we must identify those conditions that will limit the materials selections. This includes the conditions that will be encountered under nonstandard conditions such as startup, shutdown, and process upsets. In many cases we also need to consider the conditions encountered when the unit is in standby status that is, when the unit is not operating but is being maintained so that it can be put back into operation when it is needed. The best materials selections are made when the full range of these conditions is identified and considered before the test program is started. 

Items are sometimes fastened to plastic parts by screws driven into smooth holes molded in the parts. Over time, however, the screws loosen. To what common laboratory test of viscoelasticity does this correspond ... 

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