Units conversion table

The Input Translator is completely table driven. This means that all of the information needed to process input statements (such as names of keywords, default values of data items, etc.) is stored in tables in a file called the System Definition File. Therefore, it is easy to add keywords or change defaults by changing entries in the System Definition File. In addition to the Input Language tables, almost any "changeable" information related to Input Translation is stored in the System Definition File. This includes unit conversion tables, attribute descriptions, physical property option models, data structure, unit operation model data, and stream requirements, etc. Thus it is easy to add new system parameters without changing any code in the Input Translator. 

Systeme International (SI) units conversion table for common laboratory tests. Ann Pharmacother 1995 29 100-7. 

For consistency with the original references, conditions in U.S. heavy-water plants have been expressed in English units. Conversion tables to SI units are given in App. B. 

Some conversion tables for the different units are used and standardized (ASTM D 2161). 

The system of atomic units was developed to simplify mathematical equations by setting many fundamental constants equal to 1. This is a means for theorists to save on pencil lead and thus possible errors. It also reduces the amount of computer time necessary to perform chemical computations, which can be considerable. The third advantage is that any changes in the measured values of physical constants do not affect the theoretical results. Some theorists work entirely in atomic units, but many researchers convert the theoretical results into more familiar unit systems. Table 2.1 gives some conversion factors for atomic units. 

TABLE 2.13 Viscosity Conversion Table Centistokes to Saybolt, Redwood, and Engler units. 

Section 2 combines the former separate section on Mathematics with the material involving General Information and Conversion Tables. The fundamental physical constants reflect values recommended in 1986. Physical and chemical symbols and definitions have undergone extensive revision and expansion. Presented in 14 categories, the entries follow recommendations published in 1988 by the lUPAC. The table of abbreviations and standard letter symbols provides, in a sense, an alphabetical index to the foregoing tables. The table of conversion factors has been modified in view of recent data and inclusion of SI units cross-entries for archaic or unusual entries have been curtailed. 

A number of arbitrary viscosity units have also been used. The most common has been the Saybolt Universal second (SUs) which is simply the time in seconds required for 60 mL of oil to empty out of the cup in a Saybolt viscometer through a carefully specified opening. Detailed conversion tables appear in ASTM D2161, approximation of kinematic viscosity V in mm /s(= cSt) can be made from the relation shown in equation 8 ... 

Fig. 2. Oxygen permeabilities of ethylene—vinyl alcohol copolymers at 20°C (10). See Table 1 for unit conversions.

Fig. 12. Permeabilities for a two-phase blend with a phase inversion. Discontinuous phase has aspect ratio of 1.0. See Table 1 for unit conversion.

Fig. 15. Oxygen permeability versus 1/specific free volume at 25 °C (30). 1. Polybutadiene 2. polyethylene (density 0.922) 3. polycarbonate 4. polystyrene 5. styrene-acrylonitrile 6. poly(ethylene terephthalate) 7. acrylonitrile barrier polymer 8. poly(methyl methacrylate) 9. poly(vinyl chloride) 10. acrylonitrile barrier polymer 11. vinyUdene chloride copolymer 12. polymethacrylonitrile and 13. polyacrylonitrile. See Table 1 for unit conversions.

The thermodynamics of electrochemical reactions can be understood by considering the standard electrode potential, the potential of a reaction under standard conditions of temperature and pressure where all reactants and products are at unit activity. Table 1 Hsts a variety of standard electrode potentials. The standard potential is expressed relative to the standard hydrogen reference electrode potential in units of volts. A given reaction tends to proceed in the anodic direction, ie, toward the oxidation reaction, if the potential of the reaction is positive with respect to the standard potential. Conversely, a movement of the potential in the negative direction away from the standard potential encourages a cathodic or reduction reaction. 

Procedures and instru- Standardize on commonly accepted units and ments have different keep them consistent Provide conversion charts and look-up tables Provide change control to ensure devices and procedures are synchronized Update procedures to include appropriate unit conversion data CCPS G-32... 

Since data have been collated from a variety of sources, and tend to be presented in mixed units, and because rapid conversion of units is an advantage in many on-site situations, conversion tables are included in Chapter 18. Finally, since safety with chemicals cannot be addressed exhaustively in a handbook, selected sources of reliable current information on chemical hazards and their control are listed in Chapter 19. 

As with HjS, the distribution of sulfur among the other FCC products depends on several factors, which include feed, catalyst type, conversion, and operating conditions. Feed type and residence time are the most significant variables. Sulfur distribution in FCC products of several feedstocks is shown in Table 2-4. Figure 2-9 illustrates the sulfur distribution as a function of the unit conversion. 

Last, a variety of options are available to modify the peak table or polymer database. The former include deleting and inserting peaks, calibration, and axis unit conversion. 

The more permeable component is called the fast gas, so it is the one enriched in the permeate stream. Permeabihly through polymers is the product of solubility and diffusivity. The diffusivity of a gas in a membrane is inversely proportional to its kinetic diameter, a value determined from zeolite cage exclusion data (see Table 20-26 after Breck, Zeolite Molecular Sieves, Wiley New York, 1974, p. 636). Tables 20-27, 20-28, and 20-29 provide units conversion factors useful for calculations related to gas-separation membrane systems. 

Besides the ASTM standard tests, a number of general reference books have been published on testing and on the mechanical properties of polymers and viscoelastic materials (2-7). Unfortunately, a great variety of units are used in reporting values of mechanical tests. Stresses, moduli of elasticity, and other properties are given in such units as MK.S (SI), cgs, and English units. A table of conversion factors is given in Appendix II. 

This is a critical chapter in your study of chemistry. Our goal is to help you master the mole concept. You will learn about balancing equations and the mole/mass relationships (stoichiometry) inherent in these balanced equations. You will learn, given amounts of reactants, how to determine which one limits the amount of product formed. You will also learn how to determine the empirical and molecular formulas of compounds. All of these will depend on the mole concept. Make sure that you can use your calculator correctly. If you are unsure about setting up problems, refer back to Chapter 1 of this book and go through Section 1-4, on using the Unit Conversion Method. Review how to find atomic masses on the periodic table. Practice, Practice, Practice. 

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