Pacific Ocean Areas

Krock, H. and Zapka, M. (1991). The Hawaiian International Hydrogen Energy Pilot Project (HIHEPP) a concept for the commercial implementation of non-fossil hydrogen energy in the Pacific Ocean area. OCEES International,... 

Five large series [59,78-81]—two from the Atlantic and three from the Pacific Ocean areas— were reviewed (Table 4.4). Gastrointestinal effects include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and... 

U.S. Army Forces, Pacific Ocean Areas (AFPOA)... 

In the Far Eastern theatre, the first use of gas warfare was never seriously considered by the dominant Allied power - the United States. Until 1945 American gas policy has been aptly described as one of minimum deterrence, aimed at inhibiting initiation by the Axis nations. This limited objective reflected Roosevelt s fierce opposition to gas warfare and his declaration that America would never employ it initially. It also derived from a reluctance by the military to divert scarce resources to improve their gas readiness in the Far East. By January 1945, the United States possessed sufficient munitions to launch a gas attack but the bulk of them remained in the United States. Neither of the Pacific Theatre Commanders had allocated the requisite shipping space to transport the gas munitions overseas. In the Pacific Ocean Area, Admiral Chester Nimitz retained only about 5 per cent of the authorised stocks while in the Southwest Pacific Area General... 

In actually commanding troops, Unmacht came closer to the manual definition of a chief of service than any other chief chemical officer. But this was not the only way in which Unmacht s position differed from the positions of the other chief chemical officers. The Hawaiian Departnient and its successor commands, U.S. Army Forces, Central Pacific Area (USAFICPA), U.S. Army Forces, Pacific Ocean Areas (USAFPOA), and U.S. Army Forces, Middle Pacific (USAFMID-PAC), were in fact theater headquarters of the kind envisioned in the War Department organization manuals, and in these headquarters, unlike those in Europe, North Africa, and the Southwest Pacific, a commander, who did not double also as a supreme commander, was resident. Unmacht therefore had more opportunity to present his... 

Another possible mission for large area screening, the concealment of airfields, was beginning to take shape in the Pacific Ocean Areas. 

Thc Hawaiian Department soon became U.S. Army Forces, Central Pacific Area, and later U.S. Army Forces, Pacific Ocean Areas and U.S. Army Forces, Middle Pacific. Colonel Unmacht served as chemical oficer of these head< uarters throughout the war. 

The CWS administrative effort overseas most nearly like that in the European theater was in the Central Pacific Area. There Colonel Un-macht vigorously asserted CWS independence with the active concurrence and support of first the senior Army headquarters and later the combined and joint Pacific Ocean Areas headquarters. Unmacht was the only overseas chief chemical oflScer who also commanded CWS troops other than the theater or area laboratory company. Unmacht was also the only overseas chief chemical officer who was specifically designated to co-ordinate and compile a joint Army, Army Air Forces, and Navy gas warfare plan although Rowan, as Porter s representative, and Copthorne, on temporary duty in GHQ SWPA, participated in both combined and joint planning while Shadle, as a staff officer in a combined headquarters, had advisory functions in the joint and combined field. Unmacht and his subordinates certainly maintained a very close connection between research and development and the firing line even to the extent of carrying on research, development, and manufacture in the theater of operations. 

Personal Personnel Philadelphia Pacific Ocean Areas Prisoner of war... 

CWS Familiarization (10 days) To demonstrate to field and general officers other than CWS the potentialities of chemical warfare in the Pacific Ocean areas. 

The new flame thrower tank, designated POA-CWS "75 H-1 (POA for Pacific Ocean Areas, H for Hawaii), was demonstrated to the Tenth... 

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