Commerce

The name ricinoleic acid is used in commerce for the mixture of fatty acids obtained by hydrolysing castor oil, and its salts are called ricinoleates. 

Rail, H.T., C.J. Thompson, H.J. Coleman and R.L. Hopkins (1972), "Sulfur compounds in crude oil". Bureau of Mines Bull. No. 659. Distributed by National Technical Information Service (NTIS), US Dpt of Commerce, Springfield, VA. 

Absolute ethyl alcohol. Ethyl alcohol of a high degree of purity is frequently required in preparative organic chemistry. For some purposes alcohol of ca. 99 -5 per cent, purity is satisfactory this grade may be purchased (the absolute alcohol of commerce), or it may be conveniently prepared by the dehydration of rectified spirit with quicklime. Rectified spirit is the constant boiling point mixture which ethyl alcohol forms with water, and usually contains 95 6 per cent, of alcohol by weight. Wherever the term rectified spirit is used in this book, approximately 95 per cent, ethyl alcohol is to be understood. 

Much of the chloroform of commerce is obtained by the action of moist iron upon carbon tetrachloride the following preparation is, however, instructive. 

Much of the acetaldehyde of commerce is obtained by the hydration of acetylene in hot dilute sulphuric acid solution in the presence of mercuric sulphate as catalyst ... 

It is important to use dry ethyl acetate, but it should contain 2-3 per cent, of alcohol. The so-called absolute or anhydrous ethyl acetate of commerce is satisfactory. Experimental details for the purification of 95-97 p>er cent, ethyl acetate are given in Section 11,47,29. 

If the absolute alcohol of commerce is used, the yield is appreciably diminished. 

Polyamides from diamines and dibasic acids. The polyamides formed from abphatic diamines (ethylene- to decamethylene-diamine) and abphatic dibasic acids (oxabc to sebacic acid) possess the unusual property of forming strong fibres. By suitable treatment, the fibres may be obtained quite elastic and tough, and retain a high wet strength. These prpperties render them important from the commercial point of view polyamides of this type are cabed nylons The Nylon of commerce (a 66 Nylon, named after number of carbon atoms in the two components) is prepared by heating adipic acid and hexamethylenediamine in an autoclave ... 

Taconite is becoming increasingly important as a commercial ore. The pure metal is not often encountered in commerce, but is usually alloyed with carbon or other metals. 

One final thought. Strike found that there are a lot of companies that do not sell sodium bisulfite (NaHSOa). In fact, a lot of companies list sodium bisulfite in their catalogs but tell the reader to see sodium metabisulfite instead because that is the only form of this compound they carry. In other words, a lot of companies sell sodium metabisulfite (NaaSaOs) as an acceptable alternative to the other. The Merck Index even says about sodium bisulfite that the [sodium] bisulfite of commerce consists chiefly of sodium metabisulfite, Nd2S20s, and for all practical purposes possesses the same properties as the true bisulfite". What this meant to Strike was that metabisulfite would work just as well. So some was purchased and tried. And it really does work just the samel... 

Benzoic acid had been known for several hundred years by the time of Mitscher lich s experiment Many trees exude resinous materials called balsams when cuts are made m their bark Some of these balsams are very fragrant which once made them highly prized articles of commerce especially when the trees that produced them could be found only m exotic faraway lands Gum benzoin is a balsam obtained from a tree that grows m Java and Sumatra Benzoin is a word derived from the Erench equivalent benjoin which in turn comes from the Arabic luban jawi meaning incense from Java Benzoic acid is itself odorless but can easily be isolated from gum benzoin... 

Analysis sheet for Simulated Rainwater (SRM 2694a). Adapted from NIST Special Publication 250 Standard Reference Materials Catalog 1995-96, p. 54 U.S. Department of Commerce, Technology Administration, National Institute of Standards and Technology. 

Constituents. Complex halogenated organic compounds have been widely used in commerce in the last fifty years. A few representative examples are shown in Eigure 9 pentachlorophenol has been widely used as a wood preservative, and also for termite control. 

Inorganic Chemicals Series M28N, Bureau of the Census, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C., aimual reports, 1978—1980. 

Naturally occurring abrasives are still an important item of commerce, although synthetic abrasives now fill many of thek former uses. In 1987 about 156 million metric tons of natural abrasives were produced in the United States. Production was up from 1986 because of increased nonabrasive uses and increased use of garnet in sandblasting (4). 

Most specifications and analytical methods have been given (72). Most of the standards have remained unchanged for the past half-century. They were designed for acid recovered from wood tar condensates. Ah acid of commerce easily passes these tests. 

Anhydride has been used for the illegal manufacture of heroin [561-27-3] (acetyknorphine) and certain other addictive dmgs. Regulations on acetic anhydtide commerce have long been a feature of European practice. After passage in 1988 of the Chemical Diversion and Trafficking Act, there is also U.S. control. Orders for as much as 1,023 kg acetic anhydtide, for either domestic sale or export, require a report to the Department of Justice, Dmg Enforcement Administration (54). 

Acetic anhydride is a useful solvent in certain nitrations, acetylation of amines and organosulfur compounds for mbber processing, and in pesticides. Though acetic acid is unexceptional as a fungicide, small percentages of anhydride in acetic acid, or in cold water solutions are powerful fungicides and bactericides. There are no reports of this appHcation in commerce. It is possible that anhydride may replace formaldehyde for certain mycocidal apphcations. 

Syracuse Research Corporation, Information Profiles on Potential OccupationalHa rds, Vol. 1, Single Chemicals Acroleiu, NTIS PB81-147951, U.S. Department of Commerce, Spriagfteld, Va., 1979, p. 11. 

The bottoms from the solvent recovery (or a2eotropic dehydration column) are fed to the foremns column where acetic acid, some acryflc acid, and final traces of water are removed overhead. The overhead mixture is sent to an acetic acid purification column where a technical grade of acetic acid suitable for ester manufacture is recovered as a by-product. The bottoms from the acetic acid recovery column are recycled to the reflux to the foremns column. The bottoms from the foremns column are fed to the product column where the glacial acryflc acid of commerce is taken overhead. Bottoms from the product column are stripped to recover acryflc acid values and the high boilers are burned. The principal losses of acryflc acid in this process are to the aqueous raffinate and to the aqueous layer from the dehydration column and to dimeri2ation of acryflc acid to 3-acryloxypropionic acid. If necessary, the product column bottoms stripper may include provision for a short-contact-time cracker to crack this dimer back to acryflc acid (60). 

U.S. Exports, EM546, U.S. Dept, of Commerce, Bureau of Census, data for 1986. 

D. H. Slade, ed.. Meteorology and Atomic Pnergy 1968, U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, July 1968 available as TlD-24190, Cleatinghouse for Eederal Scientific and Technical Information National Bureau of Standards, U.S. Department of Commerce, Sptingfteld, Va. 

I. Langmuir and K. B. Blodgett, U.S. Mmy Mir Forces Technical Report 5418, Februay 19, 1946, U.S. Department Commerce, Office Technical Services PB 27565. 

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